{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225645126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","title":"An Autonomous Solar-Powered Smart Aquaponic System: IoT-Enabled Architecture and Comparative Growth Evaluation of Kale and Nile Tilapia","display_name":"An Autonomous Solar-Powered Smart Aquaponic System: IoT-Enabled Architecture and Comparative Growth Evaluation of Kale and Nile Tilapia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225645126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy16212239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078180211","display_name":"Tapanee Treeratanaporn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-3077","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-3077"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82828225","display_name":"King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok","ror":"https://ror.org/04fy6jb97","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tapanee Treeratanaporn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-3077","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018965840","display_name":"Chantaraporn Phalakornkule","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6237-5946","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6237-5946"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82828225","display_name":"King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok","ror":"https://ror.org/04fy6jb97","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chantaraporn Phalakornkule","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand","Research Center for Circular Products and Energy, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6237-5946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Circular Products and Energy, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongsawang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018965840"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82828225"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"2239","last_page":"2239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13391","display_name":"Innovations in Aquaponics and Hydroponics Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1104","display_name":"Aquatic Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13899","display_name":"Agricultural Systems and Practices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquaponics","display_name":"aquaponics","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-powered-system","display_name":"solar-powered system","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kale","display_name":"kale","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oreochromis-niloticus","display_name":"Oreochromis niloticus","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plant-growth","display_name":"plant growth","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-survival","display_name":"fish survival","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-power","display_name":"photovoltaic power","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller-control","display_name":"microcontroller control","score":0.5640000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119850591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557542","display_name":"Aquaponics","level":4,"score":0.9889000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311170","display_name":"Nile tilapia","level":4,"score":0.802299976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779286987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47793","display_name":"Tilapia","level":3,"score":0.7864999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86909935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188989","display_name":"Aquaculture","level":3,"score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779342048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356031","display_name":"Transplanting","level":3,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987858997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312160","display_name":"Monitoring and control","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776842983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581319","display_name":"Production system (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32198211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165044","display_name":"Greenhouse","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107192645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4782665","display_name":"Aquaculture of tilapia","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy16212239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/agronomy16212239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16212239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2738977497","display_name":"Agronomy","issn_l":"2073-4395","issn":["2073-4395"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agronomy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6618000268936157,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324344","display_name":"King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok","ror":"https://ror.org/04fy6jb97"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973411138","https://openalex.org/W2127698838","https://openalex.org/W2217668696","https://openalex.org/W2397549427","https://openalex.org/W2791406873","https://openalex.org/W2792669816","https://openalex.org/W2849067605","https://openalex.org/W2884136814","https://openalex.org/W2964535757","https://openalex.org/W2981854649","https://openalex.org/W3083312795","https://openalex.org/W3114693912","https://openalex.org/W3134939235","https://openalex.org/W3194443071","https://openalex.org/W4200307602","https://openalex.org/W4205191356","https://openalex.org/W4214805889","https://openalex.org/W4324143848","https://openalex.org/W4382052628","https://openalex.org/W4388421909","https://openalex.org/W4388835900","https://openalex.org/W4389435469","https://openalex.org/W4390639897","https://openalex.org/W4402889680","https://openalex.org/W4408919401","https://openalex.org/W4413380883","https://openalex.org/W4414200377","https://openalex.org/W4415813045","https://openalex.org/W4416121512","https://openalex.org/W4416565925","https://openalex.org/W4417130928","https://openalex.org/W7104396090","https://openalex.org/W7117136774","https://openalex.org/W7118736558","https://openalex.org/W7125483931","https://openalex.org/W7154778650","https://openalex.org/W7164364385"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7160443439","https://openalex.org/W4416799371","https://openalex.org/W4411576217","https://openalex.org/W4409788610","https://openalex.org/W4414883611","https://openalex.org/W7128549042","https://openalex.org/W7217120426","https://openalex.org/W7131363792","https://openalex.org/W7167624783","https://openalex.org/W4414603999"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aquaponics":[0],"is":[1],"an":[2],"integrated":[3],"food":[4],"production":[5,178],"system":[6,32,46,94,160,173],"that":[7,170],"combines":[8],"aquaculture":[9],"with":[10,33,100],"hydroponics,":[11],"using":[12],"nutrient-rich":[13],"fish":[14],"wastewater":[15],"to":[16],"support":[17],"plant":[18,114],"growth":[19],"through":[20],"continuous":[21],"recirculation.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"designed":[25],"and":[26,39,54,61,71,176],"evaluated":[27],"a":[28,42,57,66,74,101],"smart,":[29],"solar-powered":[30],"aquaponic":[31,93],"Internet":[34],"of":[35],"Things":[36],"(IoT)":[37],"monitoring":[38],"control":[40,59,104],"in":[41,91,113,157],"closed-loop":[43],"configuration.":[44],"The":[45],"comprised":[47],"distributed":[48],"sensors":[49],"for":[50],"temperature,":[51],"humidity,":[52],"pH,":[53],"water":[55],"level;":[56],"microcontroller-based":[58],"unit;":[60],"automated":[62],"actuators":[63],"powered":[64],"by":[65],"photovoltaic":[67],"panel,":[68],"charge":[69],"controller,":[70],"battery.":[72],"Over":[73],"70-day":[75],"trial":[76,181],"under":[77],"high":[78],"ambient":[79],"temperatures":[80],"(41.06":[81],"\u00b1":[82,117,121,130,134,144,148],"1.56":[83],"\u00b0C),":[84],"kale":[85,175],"(Brassica":[86],"oleracea":[87],"var.":[88],"acephala)":[89],"grown":[90],"the":[92,158,171,180],"(n":[95,105,164],"=":[96,106,125,138,151,165],"60)":[97],"was":[98],"compared":[99],"conventional":[102],"soil-based":[103],"60).":[107],"No":[108],"significant":[109],"differences":[110],"were":[111],"detected":[112],"height":[115],"(10.39":[116],"3.00":[118],"vs.":[119,132,146],"9.78":[120],"2.52":[122],"cm;":[123,136],"p":[124,137,150],"0.232),":[126],"leaf":[127,141],"width":[128],"(4.70":[129],"1.12":[131],"4.60":[133],"1.05":[135],"0.615),":[139],"or":[140],"number":[142],"(7.88":[143],"2.10":[145],"7.62":[147],"2.16;":[149],"0.495).":[152],"Nile":[153],"tilapia":[154,177],"(Oreochromis":[155],"niloticus)":[156],"same":[159],"achieved":[161],"100%":[162],"survival":[163],"10).":[166],"These":[167],"results":[168],"indicate":[169],"IoT-enabled":[172],"supported":[174],"over":[179],"period.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
