{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225642193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","title":"Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Caudate and Putamen in ADHD","display_name":"Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of the Caudate and Putamen in ADHD","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225642193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.06.764706.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.06.764706.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161361799","display_name":"Rajvi Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5242-7961","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5242-7961"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rajvi Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5242-7961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124936087","display_name":"Shuai Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161362098","display_name":"Eshaan Deshmukh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1518-0855","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1518-0855"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eshaan Deshmukh","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1518-0855","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161335705","display_name":"Stephen Fajen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Fajen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039671804","display_name":"Jamal B. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-7686","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-7686"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["State University of New York at Buffalo"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-7686","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State University of New York at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039671804"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10537","display_name":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11772","display_name":"Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder","display_name":"attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caudate-nucleus","display_name":"caudate nucleus","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/putamen","display_name":"putamen","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression","display_name":"gene expression","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-metabolomics","display_name":"brain metabolomics","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dopamine-dysregulation","display_name":"dopamine dysregulation","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-response","display_name":"immune response","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atp-metabolism","display_name":"ATP metabolism","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-signaling","display_name":"calcium signaling","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuronal-homeostasis","display_name":"neuronal homeostasis","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotransmitter-reuptake","display_name":"neurotransmitter reuptake","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lateral-ventricle","display_name":"lateral ventricle","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-co-expression-modules","display_name":"gene co-expression modules","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fgd1","display_name":"FGD1","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postmortem-brain","display_name":"postmortem brain","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodevelopmental-disorders","display_name":"neurodevelopmental disorders","score":0.6669999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779714222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550934","display_name":"Putamen","level":2,"score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162317418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252857","display_name":"Transcriptome","level":4,"score":0.701200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513476851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170304","display_name":"Dopamine","level":2,"score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4717999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4489000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781423529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132309","display_name":"Caudate nucleus","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.39660000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9927688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915012","display_name":"Biological pathway","level":4,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3546000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106208931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098876","display_name":"Genome-wide association study","level":5,"score":0.35109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69991583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423575","display_name":"Candidate gene","level":3,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776219046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162657","display_name":"Neurotransmitter","level":3,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21565614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12149006","display_name":"Metabolomics","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150194340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26972","display_name":"Gene expression","level":3,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152724338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909442","display_name":"KEGG","level":5,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780194698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6005429","display_name":"Immune dysregulation","level":3,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.2621999979019165}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.06.764706.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.06.764706","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.06.764706.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9922999739646912,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337346","display_name":"National Institute of Mental Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04xeg9z08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225642193.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225642193.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560020441","https://openalex.org/W1724640658","https://openalex.org/W1937639044","https://openalex.org/W1966327575","https://openalex.org/W1989927249","https://openalex.org/W2024365408","https://openalex.org/W2027716893","https://openalex.org/W2033372889","https://openalex.org/W2035618305","https://openalex.org/W2049552089","https://openalex.org/W2060705109","https://openalex.org/W2070050178","https://openalex.org/W2071411087","https://openalex.org/W2103017472","https://openalex.org/W2115518880","https://openalex.org/W2117949808","https://openalex.org/W2130410032","https://openalex.org/W2146512944","https://openalex.org/W2147055598","https://openalex.org/W2151837102","https://openalex.org/W2200388872","https://openalex.org/W2345356016","https://openalex.org/W2555868191","https://openalex.org/W2589105429","https://openalex.org/W2591243891","https://openalex.org/W2897384574","https://openalex.org/W2948949781","https://openalex.org/W2971953119","https://openalex.org/W3037682737","https://openalex.org/W3121261835","https://openalex.org/W3164324796","https://openalex.org/W4285493017","https://openalex.org/W4289783361","https://openalex.org/W4296843460","https://openalex.org/W4311347530","https://openalex.org/W4319294268","https://openalex.org/W4324303537","https://openalex.org/W4399582339","https://openalex.org/W4400886574","https://openalex.org/W4402478404","https://openalex.org/W7134033067"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309243634","https://openalex.org/W3101082774","https://openalex.org/W4407661375","https://openalex.org/W7212004331","https://openalex.org/W4394714020","https://openalex.org/W2574544988","https://openalex.org/W4391680374","https://openalex.org/W4402278963","https://openalex.org/W1997784861","https://openalex.org/W4403449625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Attention-deficit/hyperactivity":[0],"disorder":[1,9],"(ADHD)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,39,196,227],"highly":[5],"heritable,":[6],"heterogeneous":[7],"neurodevelopmental":[8],"that":[10,209],"typically":[11],"manifests":[12],"in":[13,79,89,126,138,155,160,212,237,241,250,270],"childhood;":[14],"however,":[15],"transcriptomic":[16],"studies":[17],"have":[18],"inadequately":[19],"accounted":[20],"for":[21],"age":[22],"of":[23,31,104,129,144,165,220,268],"onset":[24],"and":[25,51,54,58,68,75,82,85,102,119,133,150,163,174,183,190,239,261],"subtype,":[26],"with":[27,123,142,158,265],"cohorts":[28],"largely":[29],"comprising":[30],"adults.":[32],"To":[33],"address":[34],"this":[35],"gap,":[36],"we":[37],"established":[38],"stringently":[40],"phenotyped":[41],"ADHD":[42,213,229,251],"cohort":[43],"(up":[44],"to":[45,258],"19":[46],"years;":[47],"clinically":[48],"diagnosed":[49],"combined":[50,93],"inattentive-type":[52],"ADHD)":[53],"integrated":[55],"postmortem":[56],"caudate":[57,81,172,198],"putamen":[59,176,238],"bulk":[60],"RNA-seq,":[61],"LC-MS":[62],"metabolomics,":[63],"MEGENA":[64,168],"gene":[65,200],"co-expression":[66],"analysis,":[67],"cross-study":[69],"comparison.":[70],"We":[71],"identified":[72,169,225],"279":[73],"up-":[74,84],"35":[76],"downregulated":[77,87],"DEGs":[78,88],"the":[80,90,127,139,156,202,271],"110":[83],"89":[86],"putamen.":[91],"The":[92],"caudate-putamen":[94],"metabolomic":[95],"analysis":[96,109,207],"revealed":[97,110],"dopamine":[98],"dysregulation":[99,103,249],"(1.68-fold":[100],"reduction)":[101],"four":[105],"additional":[106],"metabolites.":[107],"Enrichment":[108],"shared":[111],"molecular":[112,210,248],"signatures":[113],"involving":[114],"immune":[115],"responses,":[116],"ATP":[117],"metabolism":[118],"calcium":[120],"ion-dependent":[121],"signaling,":[122],"region-specific":[124],"differences":[125],"direction":[128],"alteration.":[130],"Neuronal":[131],"homeostasis,":[132],"protein":[134],"stress":[135],"showed":[136],"suppression":[137,159],"putamen,":[140],"along":[141,264],"activation":[143],"neurotransmitter":[145],"reuptake,":[146],"whereas":[147],"CSF":[148],"circulation":[149],"ECM":[151],"organization":[152],"were":[153],"activated":[154],"caudate,":[157],"CNS":[161],"myelination,":[162],"signs":[164],"ventricular":[166],"perturbations.":[167],"26":[170],"ADHD-associated":[171],"modules":[173,179],"33":[175],"modules.":[177,204],"These":[178],"captured":[180],"canonical":[181,256],"synaptic":[182],"neuronal-circuitry":[184],"pathways":[185,253],"alongside":[186],"cellular":[187],"differentiation,":[188,260],"metabolism,":[189],"cell-survival":[191],"processes.":[192],"FGD1":[193],"emerged":[194],"as":[195],"candidate":[197],"hub":[199],"among":[201],"neuronal":[203],"Cross-study":[205],"comparison":[206],"suggested":[208],"alterations":[211],"may":[214],"be":[215],"age-dependent.":[216],"Additionally,":[217],"assessing":[218],"levels":[219,236],"76":[221],"potential":[222],"risk":[223],"genes":[224],"by":[226],"large":[228],"GWAS":[230],"study":[231],"one":[232],"ARTN":[233],"exhibited":[234],"dysregulated":[235],"none":[240],"caudate.":[242],"Together,":[243],"these":[244],"findings":[245],"reveal":[246],"brain-region-specific":[247],"across":[252],"extending":[254],"beyond":[255],"neurotransmission":[257],"immune,":[259],"energy-metabolic":[262],"processes,":[263],"novel":[266],"evidence":[267],"perturbations":[269],"understudied":[272],"lateral":[273],"ventricles.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}