{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225640397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176","title":"Socio-Economic Characteristics and Constraints of Fish Farmers in Three Agricultural Zones of Imo State, Nigeria","display_name":"Socio-Economic Characteristics and Constraints of Fish Farmers in Three Agricultural Zones of Imo State, Nigeria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225640397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281523","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","issn_l":"2489-0081","issn":["2489-0081","2695-1894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161306397","display_name":"C. N. Agbabiaka","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207227095","display_name":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02r6pfc06","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. N. Agbabiaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161306397"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207227095"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"162","last_page":"162"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14405","display_name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14405","display_name":"Fisheries and Aquaculture Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13478","display_name":"Agricultural Development and Management","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13899","display_name":"Agricultural Systems and Practices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-farmers","display_name":"fish farmers","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquaculture","display_name":"aquaculture","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-characteristics","display_name":"socioeconomic characteristics","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production-constraints","display_name":"production constraints","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earthen-ponds","display_name":"earthen ponds","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-ponds","display_name":"concrete ponds","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-supply","display_name":"power supply","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-credit","display_name":"access to credit","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-feed-cost","display_name":"fish feed cost","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-skills","display_name":"technical skills","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-marketing","display_name":"fish marketing","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension-services","display_name":"extension services","score":0.6470000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imo-state","display_name":"Imo State","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/owerri","display_name":"Owerri","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-tenure","display_name":"land tenure","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-disparities","display_name":"gender disparities","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poverty-reduction","display_name":"poverty reduction","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-development","display_name":"rural development","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3987366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6658164","display_name":"Livelihood","level":3,"score":0.7932999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.659600019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.5706999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.529699981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.5156999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86909935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188989","display_name":"Aquaculture","level":3,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49799999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141896089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209894","display_name":"Fish farming","level":4,"score":0.48539999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4138000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.32899999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139134214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3652044","display_name":"Multistage sampling","level":2,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109505311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7229803","display_name":"Population dynamics of fisheries","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993729017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1265665","display_name":"Fish pond","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781400479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11640","display_name":"Outreach","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192489979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502997","display_name":"Systematic sampling","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776108790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3290431","display_name":"Fish processing","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.v10.no10.2024.pg162.176","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281523","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","issn_l":"2489-0081","issn":["2489-0081","2695-1894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9208999872207642,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"},{"score":0.8928999900817871,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"score":0.7825999855995178,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7015316902","https://openalex.org/W7154458860","https://openalex.org/W7222813177","https://openalex.org/W7218194599","https://openalex.org/W7220510225","https://openalex.org/W230306626","https://openalex.org/W4213218556","https://openalex.org/W2162297818","https://openalex.org/W7220533911","https://openalex.org/W2185580077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,194,232],"assessed":[2],"the":[3,70,77,86,114,121,140,149,168,175,185,193,198,215,227,231,237,250,259,285,301,339,348,353,361,382,392,404,422,430],"socioeconomic":[4],"characteristics":[5],"and":[6,17,38,61,91,153,256,266,282,294,319,381],"constraints":[7,333],"confronting":[8,224,273,303],"fish":[9,26,34,41,64,115,186,206,306,313,336,364,411,419],"farmers":[10,27,65,116,150,169,187,337,420],"in":[11,50,81,172,226,230,276,305,338,342,352,403,421,429,434],"three":[12,78,122,405],"agricultural":[13,79,406],"zones":[14,80,123,407],"(Owerri,":[15],"Orlu":[16],"Okigwe),":[18],"of":[19,30,58,113,143,148,160,167,184,197,202,214,236,249,258,264,284,292,297,311,321,327,350,363,369,384,396,418,432],"Imo":[20,82,343,393,435],"State,":[21],"Nigeria.":[22],"Targeted":[23],"population":[24],"were":[25,32,48,67,88,95,117,300,325],"whose":[28],"sources":[29],"livelihood":[31],"from":[33,76],"farming":[35],"using":[36,97],"earthen":[37],"concrete":[39],"ponds":[40],"culture":[42],"system.":[43,134],"A":[44],"structured":[45],"close-ended":[46],"questionnaires":[47,87],"administered,":[49],"a":[51,56,209,222],"random":[52],"sampling":[53],"procedure":[54],"to":[55,131,241,346,359,408],"total":[57],"one":[59,248],"hundred":[60],"twenty":[62],"(120)":[63],"who":[66],"selected":[68],"for":[69,100,205,415],"study,":[71],"with":[72],"forty":[73],"(40)":[74],"each":[75],"State.":[83,344],"Items":[84],"on":[85],"organized,":[89],"categorized":[90],"coded":[92],"correctly.":[93],"Data":[94],"analyzed":[96],"Statistical":[98],"Package":[99],"Social":[101],"Sciences":[102],"(IBM/SPSS)":[103],"software":[104],"version":[105],"22.0.":[106],"The":[107,135,388],"results":[108],"obtained":[109],"indicated":[110],"that":[111,165,182,288],"majority":[112],"male":[118],"(75%)":[119],"across":[120],"indicating":[124],"gender":[125],"disparities":[126],"which":[127],"may":[128],"be":[129,357],"due":[130],"land":[132,293],"tenure":[133],"active":[136],"workforce":[137],"is":[138],"within":[139],"age":[141],"bracket":[142],"40-49":[144],"years":[145],"(35%).":[146],"Majority":[147],"are":[151,170],"married":[152],"has":[154],"large":[155],"family":[156],"size.":[157],"In":[158,192,211],"terms":[159],"tenancy,":[161],"it":[162],"was":[163,179],"observed":[164,181],"most":[166],"tenants":[171],"Owerri":[173],"unlike":[174],"other":[176,328],"zones.":[177],"It":[178],"also":[180],"(38%)":[183],"possess":[188],"tertiary":[189],"education":[190],"certificate.":[191],"area,":[195],"13%":[196],"respondents":[199,216,238,260,286],"identified":[200],"lack":[201,320],"storage":[203],"facilities":[204,246],"products":[207],"as":[208,221,247,270,410],"constraint,":[210],"addition,":[212],"73%":[213],"attributed":[217],"poor":[218,309,315],"power":[219],"supply":[220,317],"challenge":[223],"them":[225,304],"aquaculture":[228,274,351,433],"operations":[229],"area.":[233,278],"Similarly,":[234],"67%)":[235],"ascribed":[239,261],"inability":[240],"access":[242],"loans":[243],"or":[244],"credit":[245],"challenges":[251,272,302],"facing":[252],"aquaculture.":[253],"Besides,":[254],"83%":[255],"92%":[257],"high":[262,290,295],"cost":[263,291,296,362,368],"feed":[265],"inadequate":[267],"capital":[268],"respectively":[269,299],"major":[271],"activities":[275],"these":[277,425],"While":[279],"13%,":[280],"20%":[281],"23%":[283],"believed":[287],"poaching,":[289],"fingerlings":[298],"farming.":[307],"Moreover,":[308],"pricing":[310],"harvested":[312],"(30%),":[314],"water":[316],"(13%)":[318],"technical":[322],"skills":[323],"(87%)":[324],"some":[326],"significant":[329],"(p":[330],"<":[331],"0.05)":[332],"faced":[334],"by":[335],"studied":[340],"areas":[341],"Therefore":[345],"enhance":[347],"development":[349,431],"state,":[354],"measures":[355],"should":[356],"taken":[358],"reduce":[360],"production":[365],"through":[366,391],"subsidizing":[367],"inputs,":[370],"giving":[371],"grants,":[372],"organizing":[373],"workshops,":[374],"trainings,":[375],"seminars,":[376],"field":[377],"days,":[378],"radio":[379],"programs":[380],"use":[383],"Extension":[385],"Agents":[386],"(EAs).":[387],"state":[389],"government":[390],"State":[394,436],"Ministry":[395],"Agriculture":[397],"can":[398],"establish":[399],"Fish":[400],"Demonstration":[401],"Farms":[402],"serve":[409],"skill":[412],"acquisition":[413],"farms,":[414],"regular":[416],"training":[417],"state.":[423],"All":[424],"will":[426],"definitely":[427],"assist":[428]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
