{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225640071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","title":"Generative AI use and scientific literacy among 15-year-olds in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, China: the mediating role of academic help-seeking","display_name":"Generative AI use and scientific literacy among 15-year-olds in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, China: the mediating role of academic help-seeking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225640071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100761160","display_name":"Bing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-1554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-1554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161340414","display_name":"Xianpeng Jiao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianpeng Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161321553","display_name":"Changle Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changle Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440111","display_name":"Jie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7002-7247","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7002-7247"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055314406","display_name":"Qingshuang Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0233-4904","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0233-4904"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingshuang Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055314406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14414","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Education","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.10170000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12887","display_name":"Educational Strategies and Epistemologies","score":0.09390000253915787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-ai-use","display_name":"generative AI use","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-literacy","display_name":"scientific literacy","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-help-seeking","display_name":"academic help-seeking","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metacognitive-strategy-use","display_name":"metacognitive strategy use","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-self-regulation","display_name":"student self-regulation","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-offloading","display_name":"cognitive offloading","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-self-efficacy","display_name":"science self-efficacy","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescents","display_name":"adolescents","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schoolwork","display_name":"school work","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pisa-2025","display_name":"PISA 2025","score":0.953000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118147538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126970","display_name":"Metacognition","level":3,"score":0.7840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77379859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2064596","display_name":"Scientific literacy","level":3,"score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179420905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223871","display_name":"Mediation","level":2,"score":0.5802000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.5037000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124056412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3320364","display_name":"Scientific evidence","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423378","display_name":"Knowledge level","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.2013021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S9692511","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","issn_l":"1664-1078","issn":["1664-1078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225640071.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225640071.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678084289","https://openalex.org/W1715619412","https://openalex.org/W1913957972","https://openalex.org/W1957711827","https://openalex.org/W1964596829","https://openalex.org/W1976441470","https://openalex.org/W1991999760","https://openalex.org/W1992036396","https://openalex.org/W1998449083","https://openalex.org/W2005532382","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2090444608","https://openalex.org/W2094429807","https://openalex.org/W2104411852","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2108617939","https://openalex.org/W2115098571","https://openalex.org/W2116814040","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2124596021","https://openalex.org/W2127841934","https://openalex.org/W2131568786","https://openalex.org/W2149759799","https://openalex.org/W2162276057","https://openalex.org/W2170467533","https://openalex.org/W2463350095","https://openalex.org/W2597900308","https://openalex.org/W3138692432","https://openalex.org/W4230037199","https://openalex.org/W4243906228","https://openalex.org/W4297183894","https://openalex.org/W4323655724","https://openalex.org/W4405211386","https://openalex.org/W4408979852","https://openalex.org/W4411627694","https://openalex.org/W4411709234","https://openalex.org/W7093074242","https://openalex.org/W7125606169","https://openalex.org/W7160109693"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223044425","https://openalex.org/W7148867269","https://openalex.org/W7161549093","https://openalex.org/W7163985773","https://openalex.org/W7223045203","https://openalex.org/W6948670780","https://openalex.org/W4414770320","https://openalex.org/W7222914963","https://openalex.org/W4401966855","https://openalex.org/W7166060519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Adolescents":[1],"increasingly":[2],"use":[3,16,36,63,153,203,296,341],"generative":[4],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"(GenAI)":[7],"chatbots":[8],"for":[9,37,70,194,297],"schoolwork,":[10],"yet":[11],"evidence":[12],"on":[13,24,26],"whether":[14,34,59],"this":[15],"supports":[17],"or":[18,267,284],"undermines":[19],"learning":[20],"is":[21,39,299],"mixed.":[22],"Drawing":[23],"research":[25,264],"cognitive":[27],"offloading":[28],"and":[29,45,54,58,89,107,127,149,190,204,217,287,313,318],"self-regulated":[30,50],"learning,":[31,51],"we":[32],"examined":[33],"GenAI":[35,136,202,242,295,342],"schoolwork":[38,298],"related":[40],"to":[41,261],"scientific":[42,163,205,251,302],"literacy":[43,206,252,303],"directly":[44],"through":[46,181,304,310],"two":[47],"components":[48],"of":[49,62,225,321,327,347],"academic":[52,311],"help-seeking":[53,144,312],"metacognitive":[55,151,182],"strategy":[56,152],"use,":[57],"the":[60,68,99,178,218,291,319,322,330,345],"purpose":[61,326],"matters.":[64],"Methods":[65],"We":[66],"analyzed":[67],"Program":[69],"International":[71],"Student":[72],"Assessment":[73],"2025":[74],"(PISA":[75],"2025)":[76],"data":[77,331],"from":[78],"12,191":[79],"15-year-old":[80],"students":[81,97,340],"in":[82,85],"374":[83],"schools":[84],"Beijing,":[86],"Shanghai,":[87],"Jiangsu,":[88],"Zhejiang,":[90],"China.":[91],"Weighted":[92],"two-level":[93],"mediation":[94],"models":[95],"compared":[96],"within":[98],"same":[100],"school,":[101],"used":[102,135],"all":[103],"ten":[104],"plausible":[105],"values,":[106],"evaluated":[108],"indirect":[109,168,179,220],"effects":[110,126,221,346],"with":[111,123,162,249,272,301],"Monte":[112],"Carlo":[113],"confidence":[114],"intervals.":[115],"Results":[116,132],"were":[117,288],"checked":[118],"against":[119],"a":[120,166,228,307,314],"design-based":[121,292],"model":[122],"school":[124],"fixed":[125],"balanced":[128],"repeated":[129],"replication":[130],"weights.":[131],"Students":[133],"who":[134],"more":[137,143,150],"often":[138],"than":[139,344],"their":[140],"schoolmates":[141],"reported":[142],"(":[145,154,170,186,209,233],"\u03b2":[146,155,171,187,210,234],"=":[147,156,172,188,211,235],"0.17)":[148],"0.30).":[157],"Help-seeking":[158],"was":[159,184,191,207,247,270],"positively":[160],"associated":[161,248,271,300],"literacy,":[164],"yielding":[165],"positive":[167,219,308],"effect":[169,180],"0.013,":[173],"95%":[174],"CI":[175],"[0.009,":[176],"0.017]);":[177],"strategies":[183],"smaller":[185],"0.007)":[189],"fully":[192],"accounted":[193],"by":[195,282,325],"science":[196],"self-efficacy.":[197],"The":[198,277],"direct":[199,316],"association":[200,232,323],"between":[201],"negative":[208,230,315],"\u22120.048,":[212],"about":[213,223],"4":[214],"PISA":[215],"points),":[216],"offset":[222],"40%":[224],"it,":[226],"leaving":[227],"small":[229],"total":[231],"\u22120.028).":[236],"Purpose":[237],"mattered:":[238],"among":[239],"users,":[240],"using":[241,259],"\u201cto":[243],"help":[244],"me":[245],"learn\u201d":[246],"higher":[250],"(+5.8":[253],"points":[254],"per":[255],"response":[256],"category),":[257],"whereas":[258],"it":[260],"summarize":[262],"texts,":[263],"new":[265],"topics,":[266],"draft":[268],"assignments":[269],"lower":[273],"scores":[274],"(\u22126.6":[275],"points).":[276],"results":[278],"did":[279],"not":[280],"differ":[281],"gender":[283],"socioeconomic":[285],"status":[286],"identical":[289],"under":[290],"model.":[293],"Discussion":[294],"opposing":[305],"pathways:":[306],"one":[309],"one,":[317],"direction":[320],"differs":[324],"use.":[328,349],"Because":[329],"are":[332],"cross-sectional,":[333],"these":[334],"associations":[335],"may":[336],"partly":[337],"reflect":[338],"which":[339],"rather":[343],"its":[348]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}