{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225639124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","title":"Effect of Market Participation on Household Income Among Smallholder Indigenous Poultry Farmers in Kesses Sub-County, Kenya","display_name":"Effect of Market Participation on Household Income Among Smallholder Indigenous Poultry Farmers in Kesses Sub-County, Kenya","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225639124","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","pdf_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajab/article/download/6224/6518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212041","display_name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","issn_l":"2707-4293","issn":["2707-4293","2707-4307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajab/article/download/6224/6518","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161313493","display_name":"Rachel Chepyego","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22607950","display_name":"University of Eldoret","ror":"https://ror.org/010crp378","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel Chepyego","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Eldoret"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Eldoret","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161325547","display_name":"Philip Chemwok","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22607950","display_name":"University of Eldoret","ror":"https://ror.org/010crp378","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip Chemwok","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Eldoret"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Eldoret","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088678251","display_name":"Joseph Amesa Omega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4868-343X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4868-343X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22607950","display_name":"University of Eldoret","ror":"https://ror.org/010crp378","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Omega","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Eldoret"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Eldoret","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22607950"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"3","first_page":"275","last_page":"291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.5273000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10367","display_name":"Agricultural Innovations and Practices","score":0.5273000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13294","display_name":"Livestock and Poultry Management","score":0.4287000000476837,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13478","display_name":"Agricultural Development and Management","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-participation","display_name":"market participation","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/household-income","display_name":"household income","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smallholder-farmers","display_name":"smallholder farmers","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-poverty","display_name":"rural poverty","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-selection-bias","display_name":"self-selection bias","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-groups","display_name":"farmer groups","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-extension","display_name":"agricultural extension","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-credit","display_name":"access to credit","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-to-market","display_name":"distance to market","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poultry-value-chain","display_name":"poultry value chain","score":0.7770000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.7026000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67257552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635217","display_name":"Probit model","level":2,"score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184314375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3117995","display_name":"Probit","level":2,"score":0.6003999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780892066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1591167","display_name":"Household income","level":2,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777481183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6770787","display_name":"Market access","level":3,"score":0.46790000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120784921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17086363","display_name":"Multivariate probit model","level":2,"score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4343000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41819998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46704056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17086346","display_name":"Multinomial probit","level":3,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66914385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861182","display_name":"Poultry farming","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139134214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3652044","display_name":"Multistage sampling","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112964050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103459","display_name":"Livestock","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49898467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1517706","display_name":"Stratified sampling","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37621935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3606845","display_name":"Agricultural science","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","pdf_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajab/article/download/6224/6518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212041","display_name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","issn_l":"2707-4293","issn":["2707-4293","2707-4307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.37284/eajab.9.3.6224","pdf_url":"https://journals.eanso.org/index.php/eajab/article/download/6224/6518","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212041","display_name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","issn_l":"2707-4293","issn":["2707-4293","2707-4307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.9208999872207642},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396},{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225639124.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225639124.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040521459","https://openalex.org/W4382727914","https://openalex.org/W4401548206"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888066364","https://openalex.org/W1950604432","https://openalex.org/W4413867205","https://openalex.org/W2181881775","https://openalex.org/W4288795031","https://openalex.org/W2121260008","https://openalex.org/W1888519014","https://openalex.org/W3118087357","https://openalex.org/W2999872143","https://openalex.org/W2253049301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rural":[0],"poverty":[1,42],"remains":[2],"prevalent":[3],"in":[4,47,88,97,106,298],"Kenya,":[5],"where":[6],"the":[7,10,61,75,124,141,147,157,172,176,196,213,219,250,259,281,290,304,309,318],"majority":[8],"of":[9,57,77,143,160,175,191,215,271,280],"population":[11],"primarily":[12],"depends":[13],"on":[14,80,163,231,249,308],"smallholder":[15,84,102],"agriculture":[16],"for":[17,30,41,167],"their":[18],"livelihoods.":[19],"The":[20,179,209,327],"indigenous":[21,44,85,103,130,354],"poultry":[22,45,86,104,131,330,355],"sub-sector":[23],"has":[24,50],"been":[25,51],"recognised":[26],"as":[27],"a":[28,224],"pathway":[29],"improving":[31],"household":[32,81,164,232,299],"incomes":[33],"through":[34],"market":[35,58,78,144,161,184,268,285,305,325,337],"participation.":[36,326],"Despite":[37],"its":[38],"considerable":[39],"potential":[40],"reduction,":[43],"farming":[46,65],"Kesses":[48,89,107],"Sub-County":[49],"characterised":[52],"by":[53,188,266],"persistently":[54],"low":[55,324],"levels":[56],"participation,":[59,145],"limiting":[60],"income":[62,82,262,300,320],"gains":[63],"that":[64,183],"households":[66],"could":[67],"otherwise":[68],"realise.":[69],"This":[70],"study":[71],"sought":[72],"to":[73,120,128,139,155,195,199,203,289,323,347,363,367],"determine":[74],"effect":[76,159,230,248,307],"participation":[79,162,177,185,222,246],"among":[83,100],"farmers":[87,105,236,293,361],"Sub-County.":[90],"A":[91,113,133],"cross-sectional":[92],"research":[93],"design":[94],"was":[95,117,137,153,186,263],"used":[96,119,138],"data":[98],"collection":[99],"384":[101],"Sub-County,":[108],"Uasin":[109],"Gishu":[110],"County,":[111],"Kenya.":[112],"multistage":[114],"sampling":[115],"technique":[116],"then":[118],"select":[121],"respondents":[122],"from":[123,171,369],"sub-county":[125],"level":[126,190],"down":[127],"individual":[129],"farmers.":[132],"Probit":[134,180],"regression":[135],"model":[136,152,211],"analyse":[140],"determinants":[142],"and":[146,206,226,287,329,339,345,360,372],"Endogenous":[148],"Switching":[149],"Regression":[150],"(ESR)":[151],"employed":[154],"estimate":[156],"causal":[158,229],"income,":[165,233],"correcting":[166],"self-selection":[168,216],"bias":[169],"arising":[170],"endogenous":[173],"nature":[174],"decision.":[178],"results":[181],"show":[182],"determined":[187,265],"gender,":[189],"education,":[192],"occupation,":[193],"distance":[194,288],"market,":[197],"access":[198,202],"extension":[200],"services,":[201],"credit":[204],"facilities,":[205],"group":[207,283],"membership.":[208],"ESR":[210],"confirmed":[212],"presence":[214],"bias,":[217],"validating":[218],"framework.":[220],"Market":[221],"had":[223,301],"positive":[225],"statistically":[227],"significant":[228],"with":[234],"participating":[235],"earning":[237],"67.1%":[238],"more":[239],"than":[240],"they":[241,302],"would":[242,294],"have":[243,295],"earned":[244],"without":[245],"(Treatment":[247,306],"treated":[251],"(ATT)":[252],"=":[253,312,315],"0.513,":[254],"p":[255,314],"<":[256],"0.001).":[257],"Within":[258],"participant":[260],"regime,":[261],"significantly":[264],"active":[267],"selling,":[269],"number":[270],"chickens":[272],"sold,":[273],"sales":[274],"frequency,":[275],"average":[276],"price":[277],"received,":[278],"age":[279],"farmer,":[282],"membership,":[284],"channel,":[286],"market.":[291],"Non-participating":[292],"gained":[296],"57.0%":[297],"entered":[303],"untreated":[310],"(ATU)":[311],"0.451,":[313],"0.022),":[316],"underscoring":[317],"substantial":[319],"foregone":[321],"due":[322],"government":[328],"value":[331],"chain":[332],"development":[333],"partners":[334],"should":[335,357],"improve":[336],"infrastructure":[338],"strengthen":[340],"programs":[341],"supporting":[342],"flock":[343],"expansion":[344],"productivity":[346],"increase":[348],"marketable":[349],"surplus.":[350],"Extension":[351],"services":[352],"targeting":[353],"production":[356],"be":[358],"expanded,":[359],"encouraged":[362],"join":[364],"farmer":[365],"groups":[366],"benefit":[368],"collective":[370],"training":[371],"joint":[373],"commercialisation.":[374]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}