{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225638387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jtrb.70013","title":"Coupled Effects of Stearic Acid Concentration and Base\u2010Oil Viscosity on Bio\u2010Based Secondary Lubricants for Assisted Water Lubrication","display_name":"Coupled Effects of Stearic Acid Concentration and Base\u2010Oil Viscosity on Bio\u2010Based Secondary Lubricants for Assisted Water Lubrication","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225638387","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jtrb.70013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jtrb.70013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jtrb.70013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jtrb.70013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169712","display_name":"Journal of Tribology","issn_l":"0742-4787","issn":["0742-4787","1528-8897"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Tribology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122789489","display_name":"Xiaohan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0189-3029","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0189-3029"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Lab of Industrial Fluid Energy Conservation and Pollution Control (Qingdao University of Technology), Ministry of Education  Qingdao China","School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0189-3029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Industrial Fluid Energy Conservation and Pollution Control (Qingdao University of Technology), Ministry of Education  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161319288","display_name":"Yao Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042531203","display_name":"Zhaogang Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-9780","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-9780"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaogang Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4541-9780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085696755","display_name":"Feng Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8353-7246","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8353-7246"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048634225","display_name":"Peng Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-367X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2364-367X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44468530","display_name":"Qingdao University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01qzc0f54","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Qingdao University of Technology  Qingdao China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44468530"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11557","display_name":"Lubricants and Their Additives","score":0.7064999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11557","display_name":"Lubricants and Their Additives","score":0.7064999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11138","display_name":"Tribology and Lubrication Engineering","score":0.28929999470710754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12362","display_name":"Tribology and Wear Analysis","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stearic-acid","display_name":"stearic acid","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-oil-viscosity","display_name":"base oil viscosity","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ester-oil","display_name":"ester oil","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-lubricated-bearings","display_name":"water-lubricated bearings","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/friction-coefficient","display_name":"friction coefficient","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wear-volume","display_name":"wear volume","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lubricant-film-thickness","display_name":"lubricant film thickness","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lubricant-retention","display_name":"lubricant retention","score":0.5519999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184608416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455803","display_name":"Lubrication","level":2,"score":0.864300012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779516699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209685","display_name":"Stearic acid","level":2,"score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780874159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323840","display_name":"Lubricant","level":2,"score":0.7851999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127172972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709","display_name":"Viscosity","level":2,"score":0.6711000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779936157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19903441","display_name":"Base oil","level":3,"score":0.5547999739646912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20556612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4469374","display_name":"Volume (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5044000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134514944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817136","display_name":"Wetting","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779977313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583582","display_name":"Mineral oil","level":2,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162813971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902869","display_name":"Viscosity index","level":4,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134104499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5503429","display_name":"Friction modifier","level":3,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169820759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310812","display_name":"Relative viscosity","level":3,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43648","display_name":"Hydrocarbon","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jtrb.70013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jtrb.70013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jtrb.70013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169712","display_name":"Journal of Tribology","issn_l":"0742-4787","issn":["0742-4787","1528-8897"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316053","host_organization_name":"ASM International","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316053"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["ASM International"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Tribology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2033536389","https://openalex.org/W2042410805","https://openalex.org/W2055394892","https://openalex.org/W2059751997","https://openalex.org/W2190252841","https://openalex.org/W2626472645","https://openalex.org/W2910580394","https://openalex.org/W3138143722","https://openalex.org/W3156696440","https://openalex.org/W3161667014","https://openalex.org/W3193953416","https://openalex.org/W3217210255","https://openalex.org/W4210336640","https://openalex.org/W4211231651","https://openalex.org/W4280562241","https://openalex.org/W4286751197","https://openalex.org/W4308023496","https://openalex.org/W4310276488","https://openalex.org/W4317528619","https://openalex.org/W4385383060","https://openalex.org/W4387670573","https://openalex.org/W4390667956","https://openalex.org/W4393142527","https://openalex.org/W4396721423","https://openalex.org/W4400438899","https://openalex.org/W4401870224","https://openalex.org/W4402664284","https://openalex.org/W4404121205","https://openalex.org/W4404741299","https://openalex.org/W4405104396","https://openalex.org/W4405811131","https://openalex.org/W4407065924","https://openalex.org/W4412389693","https://openalex.org/W4415115078","https://openalex.org/W4416754684","https://openalex.org/W7122657619","https://openalex.org/W7124679426","https://openalex.org/W7161054444"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400438899","https://openalex.org/W3138143722","https://openalex.org/W4402469258","https://openalex.org/W7125419740","https://openalex.org/W4360826802","https://openalex.org/W2954590413","https://openalex.org/W7220434248","https://openalex.org/W4311633415","https://openalex.org/W4399079591","https://openalex.org/W2807440062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"To":[1],"improve":[2],"mixed/boundary":[3,230],"lubrication":[4,60,92,123,227],"in":[5],"water\u2010lubricated":[6],"bearings,":[7],"this":[8,161],"study":[9],"investigates":[10],"a":[11,172,216],"small\u2010quantity\u2010assisted":[12],"water\u2010lubrication":[13,199],"strategy":[14],"using":[15],"stearic\u2010acid\u2010modified":[16],"plant\u2010derived":[17],"ester":[18],"oils.":[19],"Two":[20],"environmentally":[21],"acceptable":[22],"base":[23,68,100,157,194],"oils":[24,158],"with":[25,31,190],"markedly":[26],"different":[27],"viscosities":[28],"are":[29],"blended":[30],"0\u20133":[32],"wt%":[33],"stearic":[34,168],"acid":[35,169],"and":[36,61,93,113,127,144,164,181,196,245],"evaluated":[37],"under":[38,228],"flowing\u2010water":[39],"conditions.":[40],"For":[41,76],"the":[42,48,66,77,83,98,118,125,130,134,148,155,203,249],"low\u2010viscosity":[43],"oil,":[44,69,79,101],"formulation":[45,80],"AS\u20103":[46],"reduces":[47,82],"steady":[49,84],"coefficient":[50],"of":[51,129,248],"friction":[52,206,250],"(COF)":[53],"by":[54,62,74,86,94,106],"8.5%":[55],"relative":[56,64,88,96],"to":[57,65,89,97],"pure":[58,90,191],"water":[59,91,226],"3.1%":[63],"neat":[67,99,193],"while":[70,102],"reducing":[71,103],"wear":[72,104],"volume":[73,105],"4.46%.":[75],"high\u2010viscosity":[78],"BS\u20101":[81],"COF":[85],"7.7%":[87],"3.0%":[95],"29.01%.":[107],"Film\u2010thickness":[108],"measurements,":[109],"underwater":[110],"wettability":[111],"tests,":[112],"fluorescence":[114],"visualization":[115],"suggest":[116,221],"that":[117,176,202],"primary":[119],"requirement":[120],"for":[121,223],"assisted":[122,198,225],"is":[124,187],"retention":[126,243],"transport":[128],"nonaqueous":[131],"lubricant":[132],"toward":[133],"inlet":[135],"region,":[136],"where":[137],"an":[138],"oil\u2010rich":[139],"reservoir":[140,162],"can":[141],"be":[142],"formed":[143],"partially":[145],"entrained":[146],"into":[147],"contact.":[149],"The":[150],"large":[151],"viscosity":[152,212],"difference":[153],"between":[154],"two":[156],"strongly":[159],"affects":[160],"persistence":[163],"film\u2010forming":[165],"behavior,":[166],"whereas":[167],"acts":[170],"as":[171],"secondary":[173],"interfacial":[174],"modifier":[175,207],"may":[177],"influence":[178],"oil/water/solid":[179],"affinity":[180],"boundary\u2010film":[182],"stability":[183],"once":[184],"sufficient":[185],"oil":[186],"present.":[188],"Comparison":[189],"water,":[192],"oils,":[195],"previous":[197],"strategies":[200],"indicates":[201],"optimum":[204],"organic":[205],"concentration":[208,246],"depends":[209],"on":[210],"base\u2010oil":[211,242],"rather":[213],"than":[214],"following":[215],"universal":[217],"value.":[218],"These":[219],"results":[220],"that,":[222],"on\u2010demand":[224],"critical":[229],"conditions,":[231],"secondary\u2010lubricant":[232],"selection":[233],"should":[234],"consider":[235],"not":[236],"only":[237],"environmental":[238],"acceptability":[239],"but":[240],"also":[241],"capability":[244],"matching":[247],"modifier.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
