{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225638180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","title":"Position-error duplicates in ICOADS R3.1: identical ship reports archived at shifted positions, 35 years after COADS","display_name":"Position-error duplicates in ICOADS R3.1: identical ship reports archived at shifted positions, 35 years after COADS","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225638180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24092539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113631104","display_name":"Mark L. Morrissey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","display_name":"University of Oklahoma","ror":"https://ror.org/02aqsxs83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Morrissey, Mark L.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oklahoma"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oklahoma","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113631104"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.2328999936580658,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.2328999936580658,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14427","display_name":"Environmental Monitoring and Data Management","score":0.2079000025987625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.12120000272989273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-error","display_name":"positioning error","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-error","display_name":"transmission error","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/duplicate-removal","display_name":"duplicate removal","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-weather-observations","display_name":"historical meteorological observations","score":0.49900001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coads","display_name":"COADS","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-telecommunication-system","display_name":"Global Telecommunication System","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-equatorial-pacific","display_name":"western equatorial Pacific","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-surface-temperature","display_name":"sea surface temperature","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-level-pressure","display_name":"sea level pressure","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-temperature","display_name":"air temperature","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed-and-direction","display_name":"wind speed and direction","score":0.9629999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780554747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36477","display_name":"Longitude","level":3,"score":0.5250999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.4973999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51614570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647931","display_name":"Argo","level":2,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12980444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23538","display_name":"Equator","level":3,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134097258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1507383","display_name":"Sea surface temperature","level":2,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992963954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169274","display_name":"Sargasso sea","level":2,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984876570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98","display_name":"Pacific ocean","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123046963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22664","display_name":"Geographic coordinate system","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2678999900817871}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24092539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24092540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092540","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092540","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24092539","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24092539","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1873281298","https://openalex.org/W2054112955","https://openalex.org/W2465808793"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1873281298","https://openalex.org/W4293767108","https://openalex.org/W2465808793","https://openalex.org/W14629292","https://openalex.org/W3050095206","https://openalex.org/W2618068032","https://openalex.org/W2026128738","https://openalex.org/W3183064992","https://openalex.org/W20644316","https://openalex.org/W3038510851"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ICOADS":[0,297],"Release":[1],"3.1.0":[2],"\"final\",":[3],"the":[4,19,61,89,103,111,116,141,175,181,191,203,205,242,260,264,269,273,281,284,288],"duplicate-eliminated":[5],"historical":[6],"product,":[7],"still":[8],"contains":[9],"891,847":[10],"pairs":[11,112],"of":[12,50,63,76,102,110,134,257,275],"ship":[13,78,118,136],"reports":[14,79,87],"that":[15,154],"are":[16,35],"identical":[17],"to":[18],"minute":[20],"in":[21,52,88,140,163,172,234,241,252],"wind":[22],"speed":[23],"and":[24,30,58,81,91,98,126,139,184,237,263,278,287],"direction,":[25],"sea-level":[26],"pressure,":[27],"air":[28],"temperature":[29,33],"sea":[31],"surface":[32],"but":[34,225],"archived":[36],"at":[37,83,195,250],"different":[38],"positions.":[39],"Of":[40],"these,":[41],"307,945":[42],"(35%)":[43],"differ":[44],"by":[45],"an":[46],"exact":[47],"whole":[48],"number":[49,155],"degrees":[51],"one":[53,145],"coordinate":[54],"(1\u00b0,":[55],"10\u00b0,":[56],"100\u00b0":[57],"so":[59],"on),":[60],"signature":[62],"a":[64,209],"single-digit":[65],"keying":[66],"or":[67,146],"transmission":[68],"error.":[69],"These":[70],"\"digit":[71],"twins\"":[72],"make":[73],"up":[74],"0.26%":[75],"complete":[77,135],"overall":[80],"peak":[82,194,206],"4.6\u20135.9":[84],"per":[85],"1,000":[86],"1970s":[90,142],"1980s,":[92],"when":[93],"real-time":[94],"radio":[95],"(GTS)":[96],"copies":[97,101,114,143],"delayed-mode":[99],"logbook":[100],"same":[104,117,182],"observation":[105],"were":[106,122],"merged.":[107],"In":[108],"57%":[109],"both":[113,121],"carry":[115],"identifier,":[119],"yet":[120],"retained.":[123],"Counting":[124],"fractional":[125],"two-coordinate":[127],"offsets,":[128],"about":[129,151],"750,000":[130],"all-fields-identical":[131],"duplicates":[132,161],"(\u22480.6%":[133],"reports)":[137],"survive,":[138],"with":[144],"two":[147],"altered":[148],"values":[149],"add":[150],"1.4":[152],"times":[153],"again,":[156],"suggesting":[157],"roughly":[158],"1.8":[159],"million":[160],"(\u22481.5%)":[162],"all.":[164],"The":[165,218],"problem":[166],"was":[167],"first":[168],"reported":[169],"for":[170,180,198,268],"COADS":[171],"1987\u201388.":[173],"Repeating":[174],"1988":[176],"analysis":[177],"on":[178,220],"R3.1":[179],"region":[183],"decade":[185],"(equatorial":[186],"western":[187],"Pacific,":[188],"1970\u201379)":[189],"reproduces":[190],"spurious":[192],"correlation":[193],"110\u2013120":[196],"km":[197],"every":[199],"variable;":[200],"away":[201],"from":[202,301],"equator":[204],"splits,":[207],"because":[208],"1\u00b0":[210],"longitude":[211],"shift":[212],"spans":[213],"only":[214],"111\u00b7cos":[215],"\u03c6":[216],"km.":[217],"effect":[219],"global":[221,270],"means":[222],"is":[223],"negligible,":[224],"it":[226],"biases":[227],"spatial-correlation":[228],"estimates,":[229],"inflates":[230],"effective":[231],"sample":[232],"sizes":[233],"uncertainty":[235],"models,":[236],"places":[238],"real":[239],"observations":[240],"wrong":[243],"ocean":[244],"region.":[245],"Position-tolerant":[246],"duplicate":[247],"identification,":[248],"recommended":[249],"MARCDAT-4":[251],"2016,":[253],"would":[254],"remove":[255],"most":[256],"it.":[258],"Files:":[259],"preprint":[261],"(PDF)":[262],"Python":[265],"code":[266],"used":[267],"pair":[271],"scan,":[272],"replication":[274],"Morrissey,":[276],"Lander":[277],"Maliekal":[279],"(1988),":[280],"latitude":[282],"test,":[283],"near-duplicate":[285],"estimates":[286],"buddy":[289],"check":[290],"(zip,":[291],"MIT":[292],"license;":[293],"see":[294],"README.md).":[295],"Data:":[296],"R3.1.0":[298],"final":[299],"(IMMA1)":[300],"NOAA":[302],"NCEI.":[303]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}