{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225638085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","title":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system: challenges of biopsy diagnosis","display_name":"Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the digestive system: challenges of biopsy diagnosis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225638085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43003935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47032817","display_name":"Archiv f\u00fcr Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f\u00fcr Klinische Medicin","issn_l":"0945-6317","issn":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virchows Archiv","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068677726","display_name":"Atsuko Kasajima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-1744","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-1744"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Atsuko Kasajima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany. atsuko.kasajima@tum.de"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-1744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany. atsuko.kasajima@tum.de","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089124733","display_name":"G\u00fcnter Kl\u00f6ppel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-086X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6688-086X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G\u00fcnter Kl\u00f6ppel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068677726"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"apc_list":{"value":4790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4790},"apc_paid":{"value":4790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4790},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10754","display_name":"Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10754","display_name":"Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11485","display_name":"Gastrointestinal Tumor Research and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2715","display_name":"Gastroenterology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10329","display_name":"Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endoscopic-biopsy","display_name":"endoscopic biopsy","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eus-guided-fine-needle-biopsy","display_name":"EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/well-differentiated-neuroendocrine-tumors","display_name":"well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poorly-differentiated-neuroendocrine-carcinoma","display_name":"poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intratumor-heterogeneity","display_name":"intratumoral heterogeneity","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mixed-neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine-neoplasm","display_name":"mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metastatic-disease","display_name":"metastatic disease","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/molecular-testing","display_name":"molecular testing","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-biomarkers","display_name":"predictive biomarkers","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-pitfalls","display_name":"diagnostic pitfalls","score":0.7269999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775934546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179991","display_name":"Biopsy","level":2,"score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.6065999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196166836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902926","display_name":"Immunophenotyping","level":3,"score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779066768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981276","display_name":"Neuroendocrine tumors","level":2,"score":0.5882999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020482125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981276","display_name":"Neuroendocrine carcinoma","level":3,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780390042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340838","display_name":"Endoscopic ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204232928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899285","display_name":"Immunohistochemistry","level":2,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837512","display_name":"Differential diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777546739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33525","display_name":"Carcinoma","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779529041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22349364","display_name":"Liquid biopsy","level":3,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549673821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683455","display_name":"Anatomical pathology","level":3,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779975986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6823250","display_name":"Metastatic carcinoma","level":3,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776407475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981783","display_name":"Pathognomonic","level":3,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16930687","display_name":"Therapeutic approach","level":3,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47032817","display_name":"Archiv f\u00fcr Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f\u00fcr Klinische Medicin","issn_l":"0945-6317","issn":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virchows Archiv","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43003935","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43003935","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00428-026-04762-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47032817","display_name":"Archiv f\u00fcr Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und f\u00fcr Klinische Medicin","issn_l":"0945-6317","issn":["0945-6317","1432-2307"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virchows Archiv","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323383","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225638085.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225638085.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1794138423","https://openalex.org/W1944457606","https://openalex.org/W1973333569","https://openalex.org/W1978104034","https://openalex.org/W2009174000","https://openalex.org/W2030976022","https://openalex.org/W2057469818","https://openalex.org/W2058387514","https://openalex.org/W2062440917","https://openalex.org/W2114671135","https://openalex.org/W2119808079","https://openalex.org/W2149693604","https://openalex.org/W2152666818","https://openalex.org/W2161676563","https://openalex.org/W2282757379","https://openalex.org/W2326851890","https://openalex.org/W2334326729","https://openalex.org/W2570536455","https://openalex.org/W2763813381","https://openalex.org/W2794863150","https://openalex.org/W2795092774","https://openalex.org/W2892363976","https://openalex.org/W2894965153","https://openalex.org/W2917102283","https://openalex.org/W3000677207","https://openalex.org/W3041948167","https://openalex.org/W3083663009","https://openalex.org/W3090700137","https://openalex.org/W3129673841","https://openalex.org/W3166545230","https://openalex.org/W3184652000","https://openalex.org/W3189302296","https://openalex.org/W3197837659","https://openalex.org/W3206512888","https://openalex.org/W4210786161","https://openalex.org/W4229014067","https://openalex.org/W4280498076","https://openalex.org/W4282050703","https://openalex.org/W4286587860","https://openalex.org/W4315629539","https://openalex.org/W4379162350","https://openalex.org/W4385336932","https://openalex.org/W4396808237","https://openalex.org/W4399320822","https://openalex.org/W4401528013","https://openalex.org/W4403273924","https://openalex.org/W4404471409","https://openalex.org/W4405333204","https://openalex.org/W4405379836","https://openalex.org/W4408163567","https://openalex.org/W4410466475","https://openalex.org/W4411804352","https://openalex.org/W4414104446","https://openalex.org/W7118067794","https://openalex.org/W7161801422","https://openalex.org/W7164321431","https://openalex.org/W7204547297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220873628","https://openalex.org/W2792800361","https://openalex.org/W1166636949","https://openalex.org/W3207672232","https://openalex.org/W4382396016","https://openalex.org/W4223598168","https://openalex.org/W4403867030","https://openalex.org/W2093787368","https://openalex.org/W4402122954","https://openalex.org/W2178473571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"diagnosis":[1],"of":[2,71,86,91,111,135,147,188],"digestive":[3,192],"neuroendocrine":[4,58,64],"neoplasms":[5,97],"(NENs)":[6],"is":[7,52,68,151],"increasingly":[8,152],"being":[9],"made":[10],"on":[11,169],"endoscopic":[12,15],"biopsies":[13,22],"and":[14,33,61,76,89,99,105,126,132,139,161,180,183],"ultrasound-guided":[16],"fine-needle":[17],"aspiration/biopsy":[18],"(EUS-FNA/FNB)":[19],"or":[20],"ultrasound":[21],"taken":[23],"from":[24],"metastases.":[25],"Although":[26,142],"current":[27],"classification":[28],"systems":[29],"provide":[30],"a":[31,170],"robust":[32],"elaborate":[34],"framework":[35],"for":[36],"categorizing":[37],"NENs,":[38],"their":[39,72],"application":[40],"to":[41,157],"limited":[42],"tissue":[43],"biopsy":[44,130],"samples":[45],"often":[46],"remains":[47,144],"challenging.":[48],"A":[49],"major":[50,176],"challenge":[51],"the":[53,112,145,185,191],"accurate":[54],"distinction":[55],"between":[56],"well-differentiated":[57],"tumors":[59],"(NETs)":[60],"poorly":[62,107],"differentiated":[63],"carcinomas":[65],"(NECs),":[66],"which":[67],"essential":[69],"because":[70],"markedly":[73],"different":[74],"prognostic":[75],"therapeutic":[77],"implications.":[78],"Additional":[79],"challenges":[80],"include":[81],"reliable":[82],"Ki-67":[83],"assessment,":[84],"recognition":[85],"intratumoral":[87],"heterogeneity,":[88],"identification":[90],"mixed":[92,95],"neoplasms,":[93],"including":[94],"neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine":[96],"(MiNENs)":[98],"amphicrine-like":[100],"carcinoma":[101],"(ALC)-a":[102],"recently":[103],"introduced":[104],"still":[106],"characterized":[108],"category-and":[109],"assignment":[110],"primary":[113],"site":[114],"in":[115,124,154],"metastatic":[116],"disease":[117],"using":[118],"organ-associated":[119],"immunohistochemical":[120],"markers.":[121],"Site-specific":[122],"differences":[123],"morphology":[125,143],"immunophenotype":[127],"further":[128],"complicate":[129],"interpretation":[131],"require":[133],"integration":[134],"histological,":[136],"immunohistochemical,":[137],"clinical,":[138],"radiological":[140],"findings.":[141],"cornerstone":[146],"diagnosis,":[148],"molecular":[149],"testing":[150],"used":[153],"difficult":[155],"cases":[156],"identify":[158],"predictive":[159],"biomarkers":[160],"potentially":[162],"actionable":[163],"genomic":[164],"alterations.":[165],"This":[166],"review":[167],"focuses":[168],"practical":[171],"biopsy-oriented":[172],"diagnostic":[173,177],"approach,":[174],"discusses":[175],"pitfalls,":[178],"controversial":[179],"emerging":[181],"concepts,":[182],"highlights":[184],"clinicopathological":[186],"features":[187],"NENs":[189],"across":[190],"tract.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}