{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225637958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620","title":"Authority Is Not Necessary: Packet\u2010Level Evidence for Load\u2010Dependent Contention\u2010Window Control in Unsaturated V2I DCF","display_name":"Authority Is Not Necessary: Packet\u2010Level Evidence for Load\u2010Dependent Contention\u2010Window Control in Unsaturated V2I DCF","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225637958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/dac.70620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/dac.70620","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175310385","display_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","issn_l":"1074-5351","issn":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/dac.70620","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043093184","display_name":"Ayt\u00fcl Bozkurt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6387-9388","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6387-9388"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173761726","display_name":"Karab\u00fck University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wy7gp54","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayt\u00fcl Bozkurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Engineering Faculty Karab\u00fck University  Karab\u00fck Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6387-9388","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Engineering Faculty Karab\u00fck University  Karab\u00fck Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043093184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173761726"],"apc_list":{"value":2760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2760},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"18","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-to-infrastructure-networks","display_name":"vehicle-to-infrastructure networks","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ieee-802-11-dcf","display_name":"IEEE 802.11 DCF","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-of-information","display_name":"age of information","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-probability","display_name":"collision probability","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/one-way-delay","display_name":"one-way delay","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-density","display_name":"traffic density","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ieee-802-11p","display_name":"IEEE 802.11p","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-networks","display_name":"vehicular ad hoc networks","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-level-simulation","display_name":"packet-level simulation","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ns-3","display_name":"ns-3","score":0.5400000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.598800003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778751112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835016","display_name":"Window (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5551000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.5479000210762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777489069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589822","display_name":"Ceiling (cloud)","level":2,"score":0.5407999753952026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5372999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5267000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.45260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191290158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14773596","display_name":"Ceiling effect","level":3,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8171440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903414","display_name":"Steady state (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/dac.70620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/dac.70620","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175310385","display_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","issn_l":"1074-5351","issn":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/dac.70620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.70620","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/dac.70620","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175310385","display_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","issn_l":"1074-5351","issn":["1074-5351","1099-1131"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Communication Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225637958.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225637958.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490241023","https://openalex.org/W1964741416","https://openalex.org/W1975726216","https://openalex.org/W1986341384","https://openalex.org/W1989659920","https://openalex.org/W1993918491","https://openalex.org/W2011228372","https://openalex.org/W2021521923","https://openalex.org/W2031035035","https://openalex.org/W2088765131","https://openalex.org/W2101589741","https://openalex.org/W2104428131","https://openalex.org/W2112553135","https://openalex.org/W2126345586","https://openalex.org/W2133092618","https://openalex.org/W2141952886","https://openalex.org/W2146487252","https://openalex.org/W2154728984","https://openalex.org/W2162598825","https://openalex.org/W2166657206","https://openalex.org/W2278663135","https://openalex.org/W2516167305","https://openalex.org/W4317734916","https://openalex.org/W4366685757","https://openalex.org/W4385624395","https://openalex.org/W4389286281","https://openalex.org/W4392375551","https://openalex.org/W4415151726","https://openalex.org/W7084612405","https://openalex.org/W7131295021","https://openalex.org/W7172436241"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7172436241","https://openalex.org/W33015179","https://openalex.org/W2829550537","https://openalex.org/W2558787126","https://openalex.org/W2053600624","https://openalex.org/W2888730388","https://openalex.org/W2126125383","https://openalex.org/W2022539736","https://openalex.org/W1986341384","https://openalex.org/W1554961170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Adapting":[1],"the":[2,9,32,36,39,46,55,62,66,121,129,139,147,157,168,209,216,255,266,271,286,299],"minimum":[3,140],"contention":[4,141,300],"window":[5,37,68,142,174,301],"CW":[6,69,91,153,246],"min":[7,70,92,154],"to":[8,108,189,302],"contending\u2010vehicle":[10],"population":[11,131,210],"is":[12,75,201,211,293,314],"a":[13,28,190,230,240,244,279,295,316],"standard":[14],"prescription":[15],"for":[16,225,298,320],"IEEE":[17],"802.11":[18],"DCF":[19],"in":[20],"vehicle\u2010to\u2010infrastructure":[21],"(V2I)":[22],"networks.":[23],"We":[24],"first":[25],"formalize,":[26],"within":[27,285],"decoupled":[29,287],"analytical":[30,169,275],"model,":[31],"condition":[33,297],"under":[34],"which":[35],"becomes":[38],"binding":[40],"control":[41,113,306],"variable\u2014an":[42],"authority":[43,276],"criterion\u2014and":[44],"evaluate":[45],"margin":[47,74,277],"\u2133":[48],"=":[49,71,135,186,205,247],"\u03c4":[50],"sat":[51],"/\u03c4":[52],"load":[53,260],"separating":[54],"backoff\u2010limited":[56],"and":[57,83,86,137,162,262,310],"load\u2010limited":[58],"attempt\u2010rate":[59],"branches":[60,170],"at":[61,103,133,184,203,258,307],"airtime\u2010capacity":[63,148],"boundary.":[64],"At":[65],"reference":[67],"32":[72],"that":[73,100,115,152,175],"12.5\u201325.1":[76],"across":[77,143],"contending":[78],"populations":[79],"of":[80,97,120,164,178,194,220,233,242,250,254,282],"30,":[81],"40,":[82],"60":[84],"vehicles,":[85],"closing":[87],"it":[88],"analytically":[89],"requires":[90],"\u2248":[93],"432\u2013968,":[94],"an":[95],"order":[96],"magnitude":[98],"above":[99],"reference.":[101],"Taken":[102],"face":[104],"value,":[105],"this":[106,236],"appears":[107],"rule":[109,219],"out":[110],"useful":[111],"contention\u2010window":[112,231],"below":[114],"threshold.":[116],"Packet\u2010level":[117],"ns\u20103.42":[118],"simulation":[119],"same":[122],"802.11p/10":[123],"MHz":[124],"configuration":[125],"shows":[126],"otherwise.":[127],"Holding":[128],"vehicle":[130,311],"fixed":[132,245],"N":[134],"40":[136],"sweeping":[138],"offered":[144],"loads":[145],"approaching":[146],"boundary,":[149],"we":[150],"find":[151],"measurably":[155],"shapes":[156],"collision":[158],"process,":[159],"one\u2010way":[160],"delay,":[161],"age":[163,177],"information":[165,179],"long":[166],"before":[167],"cross.":[171],"The":[172,268,274],"tested":[173,256],"minimizes":[176],"rises":[180],"from":[181],"approximately":[182],"127":[183],"\u03bb":[185,204],"12.8325":[187],"packet/s/vehicle":[188],"statistically":[191],"indistinguishable":[192],"region":[193],"roughly":[195],"191\u2013383,":[196],"whose":[197],"lowest":[198],"point":[199,261],"estimate":[200],"255,":[202],"13.5454":[206],"packet/s/vehicle,":[207],"although":[208],"unchanged.":[212],"A":[213],"density\u2010only":[214],"controller\u2014transplanting":[215],"linear":[217],"CW\u2010versus\u2010neighbor\u2010count":[218],"Stanica":[221],"et":[222],"al.,":[223],"calibrated":[224],"unacknowledged":[226],"VANET":[227],"beaconing":[228],"with":[229,239],"ceiling":[232,241],"50,":[234],"into":[235],"acknowledged\u2010unicast":[237],"setting":[238,321],"1023\u2014returns":[243],"20":[248],"regardless":[249],"load,":[251],"well":[252],"short":[253],"optimum":[257],"either":[259],"therefore":[263],"cannot":[264],"track":[265],"shift.":[267],"results":[269],"reconcile":[270],"two":[272],"views:":[273],"remains":[278],"valid":[280],"diagnostic":[281],"branch":[283],"separation":[284],"mean\u2010field":[288],"model.":[289],"Branch":[290],"crossing,":[291],"however,":[292],"not":[294,315],"necessary":[296],"exert":[303],"practically":[304],"significant":[305],"packet":[308],"level,":[309],"density":[312],"alone":[313],"sufficient":[317],"state":[318],"variable":[319],"it.":[322]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}