{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225636768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","title":"Outage Analysis and Location Estimation of Cooperative GEO/LEO ISAC Network with Imperfect CSI","display_name":"Outage Analysis and Location Estimation of Cooperative GEO/LEO ISAC Network with Imperfect CSI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225636768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11438222/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11438222/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042162826","display_name":"Tao Teng","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259936","display_name":"Wuxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yq4ac41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuxi University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuxi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161311370","display_name":"Lei Kong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259936","display_name":"Wuxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yq4ac41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuxi University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuxi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087828313","display_name":"Xuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-6850","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-6850"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259936","display_name":"Wuxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yq4ac41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuxi University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuxi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050095618","display_name":"Rongrong Gu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259936","display_name":"Wuxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yq4ac41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongrong Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuxi University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuxi University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259936"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8378999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.8378999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.1395999938249588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outage-probability","display_name":"outage probability","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect-channel-state-information","display_name":"imperfect channel state information","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/successive-convex-approximation","display_name":"successive convex approximation","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming-design","display_name":"beamforming design","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-location-estimation","display_name":"target position estimation","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cramer-rao-lower-bound","display_name":"Cramer-Rao lower bound","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-terrestrial-networks","display_name":"non-terrestrial networks","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/6g-networks","display_name":"6G","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiuser-communication","display_name":"multi-user communication","score":0.6000000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7681999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.609499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.3880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.38350000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3691999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776292839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179217","display_name":"Coverage probability","level":3,"score":0.34929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4978587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138810","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound","level":3,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.25440001487731934}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11438222/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11438222/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11438222/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225636768.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225636768.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400111426","https://openalex.org/W4404179762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7155053702","https://openalex.org/W4417282105","https://openalex.org/W4406753739","https://openalex.org/W4402626719","https://openalex.org/W4408640985","https://openalex.org/W4409918888","https://openalex.org/W7134850457","https://openalex.org/W4417284640","https://openalex.org/W7212112993","https://openalex.org/W7128734213"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"the":[2,31,64,77,88,95,105,112,116,151,158,166,183,188,194,204,219],"demand":[3],"for":[4],"integrated":[5,16],"connectivity":[6],"and":[7,18,51,68,94,168],"wide-area":[8],"sensing":[9,17,67,92,124,212],"in":[10,25,36,115],"sixthgeneration":[11],"(6G)":[12],"non-terrestrial":[13],"networks,":[14],"satellite":[15,39,44,74],"communication":[19,53,70,113],"(SAT-ISAC)":[20],"has":[21],"attracted":[22],"increasing":[23],"attention":[24],"recent":[26],"works.":[27],"However,":[28],"due":[29],"to":[30,110,164],"limited":[32],"echo":[33,48],"signal":[34,49,93],"power":[35],"monostatic":[37],"GEO":[38],"ISAC":[40,45],"systems,":[41],"bistatic":[42],"GEO/LEO":[43,162],"offers":[46],"enhanced":[47],"strength":[50],"cooperative":[52,65,161],"capabilities,":[54],"making":[55],"it":[56],"a":[57,72,126,138,179],"promising":[58],"research":[59],"direction.":[60],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"investigates":[63],"target":[66,152,211],"multi-user":[69],"of":[71,79,91,99,160,187],"two-layer":[73],"system":[75],"with":[76],"consideration":[78],"imperfect":[80],"channel":[81],"state":[82],"information":[83],"(CSI).":[84],"First,":[85],"we":[86,192],"analyze":[87],"detection":[89,128],"probability":[90,97,129],"outage":[96],"(OP)":[98],"terrestrial":[100],"user":[101],"terminals":[102],"(UTs).":[103],"Besides,":[104],"asymptotic":[106],"OP":[107,136],"is":[108,132,147,155,175],"derived":[109,177],"characterize":[111],"performance":[114],"high":[117],"signal-to-noise":[118],"ratio":[119],"(SNR)":[120],"region.":[121],"To":[122],"enhance":[123],"performance,":[125],"statistical":[127],"maximization":[130],"problem":[131],"proposed,":[133],"while":[134],"ensuring":[135],"constraint,":[137],"successive":[139],"convex":[140],"approximation":[141],"(SCA)":[142],"based":[143],"beamforming":[144,206],"design":[145],"strategy":[146],"proposed":[148,205,220],".":[149],"Additionally,":[150],"location":[153],"estimation":[154],"introduced,":[156],"leveraging":[157],"advantages":[159],"network":[163],"estimate":[165],"delay":[167],"angle":[169],"information.":[170],"The":[171,214],"Crame\u00b4r-Rao":[172],"Bound":[173],"(CRB)":[174],"also":[176],"as":[178],"low":[180],"bound":[181],"on":[182],"mean":[184],"square":[185],"error":[186],"parameter":[189],"estimates.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"validate":[193],"theoretical":[195],"findings":[196],"through":[197],"Monte":[198],"Carlo":[199],"simulations,":[200],"which":[201],"demonstrate":[202],"that":[203,218],"algorithm":[207,221],"can":[208],"effectively":[209],"support":[210],"tasks.":[213],"optimization":[215],"results":[216],"show":[217],"achieves":[222],"superior":[223],"performance.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}