{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225636159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","title":"Image-derived skin-tone estimates do not recover clinician-recorded Fitzpatrick type in smartphone dermatology photographs","display_name":"Image-derived skin-tone estimates do not recover clinician-recorded Fitzpatrick type in smartphone dermatology photographs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225636159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24091229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147114345","display_name":"Niya Pennie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9261-7084","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9261-7084"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pennie, Niya D.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radiant Revive, LLC"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9261-7084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radiant Revive, LLC","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5147114345"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.7188000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.7188000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13953","display_name":"Digital Imaging in Medicine","score":0.06509999930858612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.05490000173449516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitzpatrick-skin-type","display_name":"Fitzpatrick skin type","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-typology-angle","display_name":"Individual Typology Angle","score":0.9380000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14401","display_name":"Kappa","level":2,"score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018082644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5259911","display_name":"Skin type","level":2,"score":0.46950000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.38359999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988168687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949302","display_name":"Skin lesion","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777027219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1284190","display_name":"Constant (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24091229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24091230","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24091229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24091229","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9074000120162964,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3038745921"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309867004","https://openalex.org/W7172202077","https://openalex.org/W7116719799","https://openalex.org/W4308764909","https://openalex.org/W7165640223","https://openalex.org/W4411442133","https://openalex.org/W7202172541","https://openalex.org/W4396805317","https://openalex.org/W4405318249","https://openalex.org/W4412516904"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background.":[0],"Evaluations":[1],"of":[2,61,190,252,262],"dermatology":[3,253],"artificial-intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"tools":[6],"increasingly":[7],"report":[8,97],"performance":[9],"by":[10,148,159,258],"skin":[11,42],"tone.":[12],"When":[13],"skin-tone":[14],"labels":[15,271],"are":[16],"missing,":[17],"a":[18,65,92,112,124],"common":[19,181],"shortcut":[20],"is":[21,274],"to":[22,73,79,166,173,201,204,212],"estimate":[23],"tone":[24,260],"from":[25,111],"the":[26,31,69,86,179,214,222],"image":[27,224],"itself,":[28],"usually":[29],"with":[30,40,76,107,118,123],"individual":[32],"typology":[33],"angle":[34],"(ITA).":[35],"Whether":[36],"such":[37],"estimates":[38,261],"agree":[39],"clinician":[41,198],"typing":[43],"on":[44,228],"everyday":[45],"clinical":[46,234],"photographs":[47,84,235],"has":[48],"rarely":[49],"been":[50,185],"tested":[51],"directly.":[52],"Methods.":[53],"We":[54,96],"applied":[55],"an":[56,136],"ITA-based":[57],"estimator":[58,215],"(median":[59],"ITA":[60,193,241],"skin-colored":[62],"pixels":[63],"in":[64,85],"border":[66],"frame":[67],"around":[68],"centered":[70],"lesion,":[71],"mapped":[72],"six":[74],"classes":[75],"conventional":[77],"cut-points)":[78],"all":[80],"1,494":[81,129],"smartphone":[82,233],"lesion":[83],"public":[87],"PAD-UFES-20":[88],"dataset":[89],"that":[90],"carry":[91],"clinician-recorded":[93,247],"Fitzpatrick":[94,248],"type.":[95,249],"exact":[98],"and":[99,104,115,122,168,227,276],"within-one-class":[100],"agreement,":[101],"quadratic-weighted":[102],"kappa":[103,162],"Spearman":[105,169],"correlation,":[106],"95%":[108],"confidence":[109],"intervals":[110],"patient-clustered":[113],"bootstrap,":[114],"compare":[116],"them":[117],"chance":[119],"(label":[120],"permutation)":[121],"constant":[125],"guess.":[126],"Results.":[127],"Of":[128],"images,":[130],"1,492":[131],"(from":[132],"794":[133],"patients)":[134],"yielded":[135],"estimate.":[137],"Exact":[138],"agreement":[139,150],"was":[140,154,163,194,225],"18.4%":[141],"(95%":[142],"CI":[143],"16.5-20.5)":[144],"against":[145,157],"17.7%":[146],"expected":[147],"chance;":[149],"within":[151],"one":[152],"class":[153],"54.1%":[155],"(51.2-56.9)":[156],"54.5%":[158],"chance.":[160],"Quadratic-weighted":[161],"-0.02":[164,171],"(-0.06":[165],"0.02)":[167],"rho":[170],"(-0.08":[172],"0.04).":[174],"Always":[175],"guessing":[176],"type":[177],"II,":[178],"most":[180],"type,":[182],"would":[183],"have":[184],"exactly":[186],"right":[187],"for":[188],"58.6%":[189],"images.":[191],"Median":[192],"nearly":[195],"identical":[196],"across":[197],"types":[199],"I":[200],"IV":[202],"(31":[203],"36":[205],"degrees).":[206],"Results":[207],"were":[208],"unchanged":[209],"when":[210,221],"restricted":[211],"images":[213],"itself":[216],"rated":[217],"as":[218],"good":[219],"quality,":[220],"whole":[223],"used,":[226],"full-resolution":[229],"originals.":[230],"Conclusions.":[231],"On":[232],"taken":[236],"under":[237],"ordinary":[238],"conditions,":[239],"image-derived":[240,259],"carried":[242],"no":[243],"measurable":[244],"information":[245],"about":[246],"Subgroup":[250],"evaluations":[251],"AI":[254],"should":[255,266],"not":[256],"stratify":[257],"this":[263],"kind;":[264],"they":[265],"use":[267],"clinician-":[268],"or":[269],"patient-assigned":[270],"whose":[272],"reliability":[273],"measured":[275],"reported.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
