{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225635541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","title":"Bit-Level Verification of Membrane Potential and Spikes in a Fixed-Point LIF Neuron and a 256-Neuron Spiking Network","display_name":"Bit-Level Verification of Membrane Potential and Spikes in a Fixed-Point LIF Neuron and a 256-Neuron Spiking Network","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225635541","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11650337/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11650337/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160013961","display_name":"ChiaAn Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2034-1781","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2034-1781"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"ChiaAn Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2034-1781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5160013961"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.5019999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.20229999721050262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13292","display_name":"Embedded Systems and FPGA Applications","score":0.06520000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaky-integrate-and-fire-neurons","display_name":"leaky integrate-and-fire neurons","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fpga-implementation","display_name":"FPGA implementation","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-point-arithmetic","display_name":"fixed-point arithmetic","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-potential","display_name":"membrane potential","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action-potential-generation","display_name":"action potential generation","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-networks","display_name":"spiking neural networks","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitation-inhibition-balance","display_name":"excitation-inhibition balance","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firing-rate","display_name":"firing rate","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutation-testing","display_name":"mutation testing","score":0.5820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.538100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181911157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389844","display_name":"Membrane potential","level":2,"score":0.5019000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186565885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651163","display_name":"Biological neuron model","level":3,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81370116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335249","display_name":"Time constant","level":2,"score":0.490200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179053475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662040","display_name":"Synaptic potential","level":4,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909946758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194277","display_name":"Spike train","level":3,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778794669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43054","display_name":"Neuron","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11731999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9067355","display_name":"Spiking neural network","level":3,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195221683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5000649","display_name":"Bursting","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101877181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995215","display_name":"Hodgkin\u2013Huxley model","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104122410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416406","display_name":"Network model","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778071365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3089249","display_name":"Reversal potential","level":4,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17077164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185869","display_name":"Inhibitory postsynaptic potential","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11650337/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11650337/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11650337/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225635541.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225635541.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414876908","https://openalex.org/W4415311557","https://openalex.org/W7168337960","https://openalex.org/W7172419837"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117753521","https://openalex.org/W1504796302","https://openalex.org/W3092064940","https://openalex.org/W7160923213","https://openalex.org/W7127291350","https://openalex.org/W4402400772","https://openalex.org/W2795821282","https://openalex.org/W7223083305","https://openalex.org/W4312975343","https://openalex.org/W7213904924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Spiking":[1],"neuron":[2,39],"models":[3],"are":[4],"small":[5],"enough":[6],"to":[7],"run":[8],"on":[9,44],"inexpensive":[10],"FPGAs,":[11],"but":[12],"a":[13,35,41,45,58,109,141,150,227,291,299,339,349,353,356],"hardware":[14,367],"result":[15],"is":[16,78,129,260,368],"only":[17,189,319,361],"useful":[18],"for":[19],"model-based":[20],"experiments":[21],"if":[22],"one":[23],"can":[24,200],"state":[25],"exactly":[26],"how":[27],"it":[28,128],"differs":[29],"from":[30,99,108],"the":[31,81,83,91,144,156,159,163,183,187,191,198,208,213,232,234,239,244,253,258,263,267,269,278,288,295,301,305,309,315,321,327,335,362,371],"model.":[32,61],"We":[33,332],"present":[34],"leaky":[36],"integrate-and-fire":[37],"(LIF)":[38],"and":[40,53,71,88,104,154,162,182,210,216,224,274,277,283,355],"256-neuron":[42],"network":[43,135,188,240,316,328],"low-cost":[46],"FPGA":[47],"(Tang":[48],"Nano":[49],"20K,":[50],"Gowin":[51],"GW2AR-18),":[52],"we":[54,337,374],"test":[55],"both":[56],"against":[57,226,370],"Python":[59],"reference":[60],"The":[62,120,202,311,366],"model":[63,92,145,372],"uses":[64,205],"signed":[65],"Q8.8":[66],"fixed-point":[67],"state,":[68],"saturating":[69],"additions":[70],"shift-based":[72],"time":[73],"constants,":[74],"so":[75,127,324],"no":[76,376],"multiplier":[77],"needed.":[79],"On":[80,266],"board,":[82,268],"single":[84],"neuron\u2019s":[85],"membrane":[86,184,312],"potential":[87,185,279,306,313],"spike":[89,157,357],"matched":[90,143,287],"at":[93,190,219,255,320],"every":[94,147,284],"step":[95,177,286],"of":[96,105,111,149,167,169,186,207,212,238,252,304,314],"60,000":[97],"samples":[98,107],"three":[100],"hand-picked":[101],"parameter":[102,113],"sets":[103],"2,023,200":[106],"sweep":[110],"2,248":[112],"sets,":[114],"all":[115,249],"with":[116,136],"constant":[117],"input":[118],"currents.":[119],"synaptic":[121],"current":[122,270],"was":[123,179,317,329],"not":[124,130,180,330],"read":[125],"back,":[126],"compared":[131,318],"directly.":[132],"A":[133],"time-multiplexed":[134],"spike-driven":[137],"synapses,":[138],"controlled":[139],"over":[140],"UARTlink,":[142],"in":[146,155,248,345],"reply":[148],"682-frame":[151],"command":[152,350],"flow,":[153],"counts,":[158],"final-state":[160],"snapshot":[161],"first":[164,363],"512":[165,178,364],"steps":[166],"spikes":[168],"five":[170],"excitation/inhibition":[171],"(E/I)":[172],"conditions.":[173],"Spike":[174],"timing":[175,218],"after":[176,222],"compared,":[181],"last":[192,322],"step.":[193],"Mutation":[194],"tests":[195],"show":[196],"that":[197,342,359],"checkers":[199],"fail.":[201],"full":[203],"design":[204],"12%":[206],"logic":[209],"98%":[211],"block":[214],"RAM,":[215],"meets":[217],"38.75":[220],"MHz":[221,229],"place":[223],"route,":[225],"27":[228],"clock.":[230],"In":[231],"model,":[233,289],"mean":[235],"firing":[236],"rate":[237,259],"falls":[241],"monotonically":[242],"as":[243],"inhibitory":[245],"fraction":[246],"rises,":[247],"240":[250],"networks":[251],"sweep;":[254],"low":[256],"inhibition":[257],"limited":[261],"by":[262],"refractory":[264],"ceiling.":[265],"reached":[271],"its":[272,280],"upper":[273,302],"lower":[275,281,296],"limits":[276,336],"limit,":[282],"saturated":[285],"including":[290],"negative":[292],"threshold":[293],"where":[294],"limit":[297,303],"decides":[298],"spike;":[300],"cannot":[307],"change":[308],"output.":[310],"step,":[323],"saturation":[325],"inside":[326],"checked.":[331],"also":[333],"report":[334],"found:":[338],"USB\u2013UART":[340],"link":[341],"lost":[343],"bytes":[344],"long":[346],"unpaced":[347],"bursts,":[348],"decoder":[351],"without":[352],"time-out,":[354],"trace":[358],"covers":[360],"steps.":[365],"validated":[369],"only;":[373],"make":[375],"claim":[377],"about":[378],"biological":[379],"validity.":[380]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}