{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225635240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c18609","title":"Decoupled Attraction and Repulsion for Fast, Large, and Reversible Thermal Actuation in Hydrogels","display_name":"Decoupled Attraction and Repulsion for Fast, Large, and Reversible Thermal Actuation in Hydrogels","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225635240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c18609","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43002134"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsami.6c18609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c18609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c18609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164001016","display_name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","issn_l":"1944-8244","issn":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114010289","display_name":"Jaewon Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0239-7240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0239-7240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaewon Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0239-7240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069675477","display_name":"Taehun Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-7830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-7830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taehun Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4760-7830","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161338588","display_name":"Byungho Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byungho Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077767684","display_name":"Youngkwang Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8761-6830","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8761-6830"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youngkwang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161331505","display_name":"Jihyeok Kwak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0313-9372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0313-9372"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihyeok Kwak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0313-9372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161320225","display_name":"Jaeyoung Kim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyoung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079973100","display_name":"Jihoon Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-5942","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1658-5942"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihoon Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084505229","display_name":"Im Kyung Han","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Im Kyung Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032162545","display_name":"Junwoo Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5363-1987","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5363-1987"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwoo Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5363-1987","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5158661936","display_name":"Anna Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-840X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3437-840X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073817253","display_name":"Youn Soo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-3635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-3635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Youn Soo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1531-3635","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , , 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073817253"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.6948000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.6948000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10343","display_name":"Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications","score":0.3043999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermosensitive-hydrogel","display_name":"thermosensitive hydrogel","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poly-n-isopropylacrylamide","display_name":"poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrostatic-repulsion","display_name":"electrostatic repulsion","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-actuation","display_name":"thermal actuation","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphene-oxide","display_name":"graphene oxide","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-actuators","display_name":"soft actuators","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debye-length","display_name":"Debye length","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dielectric-constant","display_name":"dielectric constant","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/planetary-ball-milling","display_name":"planetary ball milling","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8406000137329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.4893999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776029896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3935810","display_name":"Relaxation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108586683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164826","display_name":"Self-healing hydrogels","level":2,"score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192157962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087243","display_name":"Bilayer","level":3,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777694918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11171014","display_name":"Ratchet","level":3,"score":0.4293000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133386390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184996","display_name":"Dielectric","level":2,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50690","display_name":"Oxide","level":2,"score":0.3971000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5637370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q402478","display_name":"Thermal fluctuations","level":2,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184654806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898268","display_name":"Debye length","level":3,"score":0.3481000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135889238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46276","display_name":"Kinetic energy","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30080830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169917","display_name":"Graphene","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129955480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257738","display_name":"Agglomerate","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66882249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169336","display_name":"Homogeneous","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38976095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752641","display_name":"Asymmetry","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64452783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1524945","display_name":"Ternary operation","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74859849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59593255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663","display_name":"Molecular dynamics","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39944091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423279","display_name":"Lipid bilayer","level":3,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34455102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128459","display_name":"Electret","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26856880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910150","display_name":"Self-assembly","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84111939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5125465","display_name":"Clamping","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92880739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2639556","display_name":"Nanocomposite","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777813233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1527816","display_name":"Grating","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64904818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789683","display_name":"Auxetics","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.25189998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777922577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146243","display_name":"Polystyrene","level":3,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsami.6c18609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c18609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6c18609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164001016","display_name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","issn_l":"1944-8244","issn":["1944-8244","1944-8252"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43002134","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43002134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS applied materials & interfaces","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327527","display_name":"Ministry of the Interior and Safety","ror":"https://ror.org/010gtx568"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1200370352","https://openalex.org/W1622160422","https://openalex.org/W1969339340","https://openalex.org/W1970279973","https://openalex.org/W1972675654","https://openalex.org/W1974260210","https://openalex.org/W1986206960","https://openalex.org/W1996386520","https://openalex.org/W1996720815","https://openalex.org/W2003034707","https://openalex.org/W2013981295","https://openalex.org/W2016694827","https://openalex.org/W2019471912","https://openalex.org/W2024961805","https://openalex.org/W2036863736","https://openalex.org/W2037886951","https://openalex.org/W2038080227","https://openalex.org/W2041333091","https://openalex.org/W2046329576","https://openalex.org/W2056603397","https://openalex.org/W2065348807","https://openalex.org/W2088158951","https://openalex.org/W2088422010","https://openalex.org/W2091564611","https://openalex.org/W2092700187","https://openalex.org/W2111534509","https://openalex.org/W2129431680","https://openalex.org/W2131155569","https://openalex.org/W2138478172","https://openalex.org/W2159772827","https://openalex.org/W2160551434","https://openalex.org/W2166459807","https://openalex.org/W2168741573","https://openalex.org/W2255698472","https://openalex.org/W2315517127","https://openalex.org/W2319407862","https://openalex.org/W2410289362","https://openalex.org/W2417416989","https://openalex.org/W2480652761","https://openalex.org/W2485699061","https://openalex.org/W2616909510","https://openalex.org/W2759809581","https://openalex.org/W2805484652","https://openalex.org/W2805926569","https://openalex.org/W2807184958","https://openalex.org/W2885769191","https://openalex.org/W2907008618","https://openalex.org/W2911830605","https://openalex.org/W2943133064","https://openalex.org/W2949043585","https://openalex.org/W3009366486","https://openalex.org/W3012014695","https://openalex.org/W3092735877","https://openalex.org/W3130932463","https://openalex.org/W3145158847","https://openalex.org/W3165015610","https://openalex.org/W4379659876","https://openalex.org/W4400503409","https://openalex.org/W4406931635","https://openalex.org/W4409963435","https://openalex.org/W4411327496","https://openalex.org/W4411979990","https://openalex.org/W4414038240","https://openalex.org/W7131392575","https://openalex.org/W7153104715"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020608608","https://openalex.org/W2027110154","https://openalex.org/W3130932463","https://openalex.org/W4362577076","https://openalex.org/W7081983322","https://openalex.org/W1970217459","https://openalex.org/W4390917534","https://openalex.org/W4225291627","https://openalex.org/W6999085022","https://openalex.org/W7019192726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"thermoresponsive":[1,46,275],"poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)":[2],"(PNIPAAm)":[3],"hydrogels,":[4,99],"strategies":[5],"that":[6,257],"accelerate":[7],"heating-induced":[8,119],"shrinking":[9,23,65,149,153,193],"often":[10],"slow":[11],"down":[12],"subsequent":[13],"re-swelling":[14,28,67,143,155,195],"upon":[15,144],"cooling,":[16],"because":[17],"the":[18,41,64,128,133,148,231,249],"driving":[19,68,262],"forces":[20,69,263],"favorable":[21,26],"for":[22,27,58,273],"and":[24,43,56,66,137,154,160,166,188,194,260,281],"those":[25,170],"are":[29,70],"fundamentally":[30],"opposed":[31],"within":[32],"a":[33,77,82,103,109,172,208,241,269],"single":[34,83],"homogeneous":[35],"network.":[36,84],"This":[37],"kinetic":[38],"asymmetry":[39],"limits":[40],"reversibility":[42],"cyclability":[44],"of":[45,76,96,158,171,248],"actuators.":[47],"To":[48],"resolve":[49],"this":[50,206],"trade-off,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"decoupled":[54],"attraction":[55],"repulsion":[57,126],"thermal":[59],"actuation":[60],"(DART),":[61],"in":[62,186,220],"which":[63],"assigned":[71],"to":[72,107,218],"separate":[73],"structural":[74,202,266],"components":[75],"hydrogel":[78,111],"rather":[79],"than":[80,169],"sharing":[81],"Water-swollen,":[85],"negatively":[86],"charged":[87],"poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic":[88],"acid)":[89],"(PAMPS)":[90],"nanogels,":[91,130],"produced":[92],"by":[93,132,229,245],"planetary":[94],"milling":[95],"bulk":[97],"PAMPS":[98,129],"were":[100],"dispersed":[101],"throughout":[102],"phase-separated":[104,115],"PNIPAAm":[105,175],"matrix":[106,116],"construct":[108],"composite":[110],"(PSG-Pn).":[112],"The":[113],"porous,":[114],"enables":[117],"rapid":[118],"water":[120],"expulsion,":[121],"while":[122],"thermally":[123],"modulated":[124],"electrostatic":[125],"among":[127],"governed":[131],"temperature-dependent":[134],"dielectric":[135],"constant":[136],"Debye":[138],"screening":[139],"length,":[140],"drives":[141],"fast":[142],"cooling":[145],"without":[146,199,234],"impeding":[147],"process.":[150],"PSG-Pn":[151,177,212],"exhibited":[152],"relaxation":[156],"times":[157],"2.24":[159],"219":[161],"s,":[162],"respectively,":[163],"approximately":[164],"1250-fold":[165],"14-fold":[167],"faster":[168],"conventional":[173],"non-phase-separated":[174],"hydrogel.":[176],"sustained":[178],"\u223c90%":[179],"volume":[180],"recovery":[181],"over":[182],"20":[183],"heating-cooling":[184],"cycles":[185],"water,":[187],"it":[189],"also":[190],"maintained":[191],"repeated":[192],"under":[196],"open-air":[197],"conditions":[198],"drying":[200],"or":[201,238],"failure.":[203],"Building":[204],"on":[205],"response,":[207],"near-infrared-responsive":[209],"bilayer":[210],"combining":[211],"with":[213,278],"graphene":[214],"oxide":[215],"was":[216],"steered":[217],"crawl":[219],"either":[221],"direction":[222],"across":[223],"an":[224],"unpatterned":[225],"flat":[226],"surface":[227],"simply":[228],"switching":[230],"irradiation":[232],"site,":[233],"any":[235],"built-in":[236],"ratchet":[237],"friction":[239],"asymmetry,":[240],"behavior":[242],"further":[243],"supported":[244],"finite-element":[246],"analysis":[247],"localized":[250],"contraction-recovery":[251],"cycle.":[252],"Together,":[253],"these":[254],"results":[255],"indicate":[256],"partitioning":[258],"attractive":[259],"repulsive":[261],"into":[264],"distinct":[265],"elements":[267],"offers":[268],"broadly":[270],"applicable":[271],"strategy":[272],"engineering":[274],"soft":[276],"actuators":[277],"fast,":[279],"large-amplitude,":[280],"reversible":[282],"motion.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
