{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225635144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098","title":"Microbial Safety and Level of Aflatoxins in Peanut Butter Collected From Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","display_name":"Microbial Safety and Level of Aflatoxins in Peanut Butter Collected From Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225635144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/fci2.70098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fci2.70098","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048702","display_name":"Food Chemistry International","issn_l":"3065-9027","issn":["3065-9027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Chemistry International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fci2.70098","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161333917","display_name":"Esubalew Yitayew Kahilie","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405262072","display_name":"Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/01791bq50","country_code":"ET","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405262072"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esubalew Yitayew Kahilie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bahir Dar Institute of Technology (BiT)  Bahir Dar Ethiopia","Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA)  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bahir Dar Institute of Technology (BiT)  Bahir Dar Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ethiopian Food and Drug Authority (EFDA)  Addis Ababa Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405262072"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133359845","display_name":"Melese Tilahun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1770-096X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1770-096X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159743","display_name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05mfff588","country_code":"ET","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159743"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Melese Tilahun Tegegne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI)  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1770-096X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI)  Addis Ababa Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5133359845"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159743"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2700},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10520","display_name":"Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10520","display_name":"Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11957","display_name":"Food Safety and Hygiene","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14127","display_name":"Food Nutrient Composition and Product Development","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1106","display_name":"Food Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peanut-butter","display_name":"peanut butter","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aflatoxin-contamination","display_name":"aflatoxin contamination","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aflatoxin-b1","display_name":"aflatoxin B1","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbiological-quality","display_name":"microbiological quality","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moisture-content","display_name":"moisture content","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli-o157-h7","display_name":"Escherichia coli O157:H7","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salmonella","display_name":"Salmonella","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yeast-and-mold-counts","display_name":"yeast and mold counts","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-plate-count","display_name":"total plate count","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety","display_name":"food safety","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retail-food-products","display_name":"retail food products","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/addis-ababa","display_name":"Addis Ababa","score":0.9629999995231628}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40758303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212936","display_name":"Aflatoxin","level":2,"score":0.9560999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993144828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147651","display_name":"Peanut butter","level":2,"score":0.6904000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.6865000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.657800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781065037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150839","display_name":"Salmonella","level":3,"score":0.572700023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34135077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511075","display_name":"Food contaminant","level":2,"score":0.5667999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516717267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909821","display_name":"Food safety","level":2,"score":0.5297999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84699730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422449","display_name":"Mycotoxin","level":2,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176864760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217651","display_name":"Moisture","level":2,"score":0.4251999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58684123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1810993","display_name":"Food microbiology","level":3,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24939127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373499","display_name":"Water content","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992690752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6979684","display_name":"National standard","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150903083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108","display_name":"Biotechnology","level":1,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42972112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170201","display_name":"Veterinary medicine","level":1,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64248961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q791576","display_name":"Water activity","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776632002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145909","display_name":"Legume","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/fci2.70098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fci2.70098","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048702","display_name":"Food Chemistry International","issn_l":"3065-9027","issn":["3065-9027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Chemistry International","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/fci2.70098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/fci2.70098","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/fci2.70098","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407048702","display_name":"Food Chemistry International","issn_l":"3065-9027","issn":["3065-9027"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Food Chemistry International","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323473","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225635144.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225635144.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592090402","https://openalex.org/W3145199741","https://openalex.org/W3205830163","https://openalex.org/W4283459530","https://openalex.org/W4353065001","https://openalex.org/W4362640256","https://openalex.org/W4366139309","https://openalex.org/W4368340710","https://openalex.org/W4381542808","https://openalex.org/W4382762959","https://openalex.org/W4390143362","https://openalex.org/W4390702658","https://openalex.org/W4391697447","https://openalex.org/W4392881747","https://openalex.org/W4394674246","https://openalex.org/W4398776852","https://openalex.org/W4399809989","https://openalex.org/W4400306377","https://openalex.org/W4400898335","https://openalex.org/W4403748820","https://openalex.org/W4403762623","https://openalex.org/W4404921266","https://openalex.org/W4405615270","https://openalex.org/W4406204053","https://openalex.org/W4406218093","https://openalex.org/W4407397146","https://openalex.org/W4409764303","https://openalex.org/W4411087855","https://openalex.org/W4412838053","https://openalex.org/W4412918776","https://openalex.org/W4415012543","https://openalex.org/W4415363800","https://openalex.org/W4415679773","https://openalex.org/W4417355299","https://openalex.org/W7084133006","https://openalex.org/W7116724426","https://openalex.org/W7117473799","https://openalex.org/W7127997605","https://openalex.org/W7132826169","https://openalex.org/W7155690904","https://openalex.org/W7160241037","https://openalex.org/W7165569356","https://openalex.org/W7166522819","https://openalex.org/W7202370287"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223672552","https://openalex.org/W2187218164","https://openalex.org/W2031834127","https://openalex.org/W2062988630","https://openalex.org/W2371492363","https://openalex.org/W2325786237","https://openalex.org/W7155690904","https://openalex.org/W4295836064","https://openalex.org/W2896181615","https://openalex.org/W282706461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Peanut":[1],"butter":[2,52,61,224],"is":[3,8],"a":[4,12,17,37,167,238,254],"nutrient\u2010dense":[5],"food":[6,18],"that":[7],"widely":[9],"consumed":[10],"as":[11,16,36,237],"spread":[13],"and":[14,45,68,79,91,108,128,152,189,246,275,287,289],"used":[15],"ingredient.":[19],"This":[20,258],"study":[21,259],"evaluated":[22],"the":[23,33,41,133,147,205,221,234,242,263,269,273],"microbiological":[24,80,157],"quality,":[25,158],"moisture":[26],"content":[27,78,122],"(percentage":[28],"of":[29,40,48,74,87,138,146,170,178,184,196,210,230,241,265,277,285],"water":[30,231],"present":[31,232],"in":[32,54,144,166,213,233],"product,":[34,235],"expressed":[35,236],"percentage":[38,229,239],"(%)":[39,240],"total":[42,179,243],"sample":[43,244],"weight),":[44],"aflatoxin":[46,190,251],"contamination":[47,173,252,267],"locally":[49],"produced":[50],"peanut":[51,60,223],"marketed":[53],"Addis":[55,75],"Ababa,":[56],"Ethiopia.":[57],"Thirty":[58],"retail":[59,69],"samples":[62,130],"were":[63,82,112,164],"randomly":[64],"collected":[65],"from":[66,124],"supermarkets":[67],"shops":[70],"across":[71],"five":[72],"subcities":[73],"Ababa.":[76],"Moisture":[77,121],"parameters":[81],"determined":[83],"using":[84,114],"applicable":[85],"Association":[86],"Official":[88],"Analytical":[89],"Chemists":[90],"International":[92],"Organization":[93],"for":[94],"Standardization":[95],"methods.":[96],"Aflatoxin":[97,172],"levels":[98],"(AFB":[99],"1":[100,106,192],",":[101,104,107,250],"AFB":[102],"2":[103,110],"AFG":[105,109],")":[111],"quantified":[113],"ultra\u2010high\u2010performance":[115],"liquid":[116],"chromatography":[117],"with":[118,132,176],"fluorescence":[119],"detection.":[120],"ranged":[123],"0.63%":[125],"to":[126,261],"1.69%,":[127],"all":[129],"complied":[131],"Ethiopian":[134,207],"Standard":[135],"maximum":[136],"limit":[137,209],"2.0%.":[139],"Salmonella":[140,249],"was":[141,174],"not":[142],"detected":[143,165],"any":[145],"samples.":[148,171,215],"Total":[149],"plate":[150],"count":[151],"yeast/mold":[153],"results":[154],"indicated":[155],"variable":[156],"whereas":[159],"Escherichia":[160],"coli":[161],"O157:":[162],"H7":[163],"small":[168],"portion":[169],"substantial":[175],"concentration":[177],"aflatoxins":[180],"mean":[181,193],"\u00b1":[182,186,194,198],"SD":[183,195],"215.3":[185],"14.2":[187],"\u03bcg/kg":[188,212],"B":[191],"81.6":[197],"13.2":[199],"\u03bcg/kg.":[200],"These":[201],"concentrations":[202],"substantially":[203],"exceeded":[204],"reported":[206],"regulatory":[208],"10":[211],"contaminated":[214],"The":[216],"findings":[217],"indicate":[218],"that,":[219],"although":[220],"finished":[222],"generally":[225],"showed":[226],"an":[227],"acceptable":[228],"weight":[245],"no":[247],"detectable":[248],"represents":[253],"major":[255],"food\u2010safety":[256],"concern.":[257],"recommends":[260],"emphasize":[262],"importance":[264],"controlling":[266],"throughout":[268],"processing":[270,281],"chain,":[271],"including":[272],"selection":[274],"storage":[276,291],"raw":[278],"materials,":[279],"hygienic":[280],"practices,":[282],"proper":[283],"cleaning":[284],"equipment":[286],"utensils,":[288],"appropriate":[290],"conditions.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}