{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225635091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70397","title":"Elephants as imperfect gardeners: How megafauna reshape, not degrade, rainforest bird communities","display_name":"Elephants as imperfect gardeners: How megafauna reshape, not degrade, rainforest bird communities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225635091","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70397","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43002072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33456383","display_name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","issn_l":"0021-8790","issn":["0021-8790","1365-2656"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044012168","display_name":"Marta Rueda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-6258","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-6258"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79238269","display_name":"Universidad de Sevilla","ror":"https://ror.org/03yxnpp24","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marta Rueda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda Universidad de Sevilla  Sevilla Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-6258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda Universidad de Sevilla  Sevilla Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044012168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79238269"],"apc_list":{"value":3610,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3610},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.6060000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.6060000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10487","display_name":"Plant and animal studies","score":0.13770000636577606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1105","display_name":"Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14039","display_name":"Ecology and biodiversity studies","score":0.08410000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-forest-elephant","display_name":"African forest elephant","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loxodonta-cyclotis","display_name":"Loxodonta cyclotis","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tropical-rainforest","display_name":"tropical rainforest","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bird-species-richness","display_name":"bird species richness","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-diversity","display_name":"functional diversity","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-redundancy","display_name":"functional redundancy","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frugivorous-birds","display_name":"frugivorous birds","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anthropogenic-disturbance","display_name":"human disturbance","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-herbivores","display_name":"large herbivores","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mount-cameroon","display_name":"Mount Cameroon","score":0.8640000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53565203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146659","display_name":"Species richness","level":2,"score":0.8511999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.7583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91067096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730371","display_name":"Megafauna","level":3,"score":0.6912000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2619416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9444","display_name":"Rainforest","level":2,"score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139669111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422666","display_name":"Understory","level":3,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4458000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239189","display_name":"Grazing","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62648534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q706937","display_name":"Species diversity","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555313981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199403","display_name":"Tropical rainforest","level":3,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73935091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249329","display_name":"Forest ecology","level":3,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992994097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Animal ecology","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133079900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5155065","display_name":"Community structure","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92494378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845725","display_name":"Temperate rainforest","level":3,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173651095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065449","display_name":"Introduced species","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283581","display_name":"Disturbance (geology)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53571324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179049","display_name":"Nature reserve","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32120771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q962054","display_name":"Ecosystem engineer","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4590074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5608096","display_name":"Community","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1365-2656.70397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70397","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70397","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S33456383","display_name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","issn_l":"0021-8790","issn":["0021-8790","1365-2656"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Animal Ecology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43002072","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43002072","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of animal ecology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596936787","https://openalex.org/W2083736144","https://openalex.org/W2089037274","https://openalex.org/W2115006245","https://openalex.org/W2121126486","https://openalex.org/W2141566779","https://openalex.org/W2155962577","https://openalex.org/W2255127665","https://openalex.org/W2435480898","https://openalex.org/W2765345059","https://openalex.org/W2798432502","https://openalex.org/W3199505951","https://openalex.org/W4220912464","https://openalex.org/W4249371006","https://openalex.org/W4255911191","https://openalex.org/W4401890144","https://openalex.org/W4413756118","https://openalex.org/W7118482475","https://openalex.org/W7223071318"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223071318","https://openalex.org/W4220912464","https://openalex.org/W3112268649","https://openalex.org/W2063752000","https://openalex.org/W4401890144","https://openalex.org/W2917481745","https://openalex.org/W4409052030","https://openalex.org/W2102432140","https://openalex.org/W4411842301","https://openalex.org/W2065100598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"Highlight:":[1],"Korejs,":[2],"K.,":[3],"Ho\u0159\u00e1k,":[4],"D.,":[5],"Krystof,":[6],"C.,":[7],"Sedlacek,":[8],"O.,":[9],"Motombi,":[10],"F.,":[11,13],"Ewome,":[12],"Molua,":[14],"L.,":[15],"Tache,":[16],"J.,":[17],"Kamga,":[18],"S.,":[19],"Christopher,":[20],"J.":[21,24],"&":[22],"Riegert,":[23],"(2026).":[25],"Megafaunal":[26],"engineering":[27],"in":[28,91,149],"the":[29,106,124,161,181],"tropical":[30],"rainforest:":[31],"African":[32,77],"forest":[33,78,92],"elephants":[34,79],"(Loxodonta":[35,80],"cyclotis)":[36,81],"reduce":[37],"avian":[38,83],"species":[39,84,131,174],"richness":[40,85,175],"but":[41,55,139],"elevate":[42],"functional":[43,137,141],"diversity.":[44],"Journal":[45],"of":[46,108,126,164,187],"Animal":[47],"Ecology,":[48],"https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70369.":[49],"Elephants":[50],"are":[51],"major":[52],"ecosystem":[53],"engineers,":[54],"their":[56],"effects":[57],"on":[58,70],"animal":[59],"communities":[60,117],"may":[61,177],"be":[62],"more":[63],"complex":[64],"than":[65,143,153],"expected.":[66],"A":[67],"4-year":[68],"study":[69],"Mount":[71],"Cameroon":[72],"found":[73],"that":[74,160,173],"grazing":[75,102],"by":[76,94,111],"reduced":[82],"to":[86],"levels":[87],"comparable":[88],"with":[89],"those":[90],"degraded":[93],"human":[95],"activity.":[96],"Yet,":[97],"unlike":[98],"human-driven":[99],"degradation,":[100],"elephant":[101],"did":[103],"not":[104,178],"promote":[105],"replacement":[107],"forest-specialist":[109],"birds":[110],"open-habitat":[112],"generalists.":[113],"Instead,":[114],"it":[115],"shifted":[116],"towards":[118],"understorey":[119],"and":[120,172,184],"terrestrial":[121],"invertivores":[122],"at":[123],"cost":[125],"large":[127,188],"frugivores.":[128],"Despite":[129],"lower":[130,140],"richness,":[132],"elephant-grazed":[133],"forests":[134],"showed":[135],"higher":[136],"diversity":[138],"redundancy":[142],"undisturbed":[144],"forest,":[145],"suggesting":[146],"a":[147],"change":[148],"community":[150],"composition":[151],"rather":[152],"simple":[154],"ecological":[155,162,182],"impoverishment.":[156],"These":[157],"findings":[158],"show":[159],"signature":[163],"megaherbivore-driven":[165],"disturbance":[166],"differs":[167],"fundamentally":[168],"from":[169],"anthropogenic":[170],"disturbance,":[171],"alone":[176],"adequately":[179],"capture":[180],"role":[183],"conservation":[185],"value":[186],"herbivores.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}