{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225634658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","title":"Predictive factors for non-diagnostic results of computed tomography\u2013guided percutaneous core needle biopsy of the lung: focus on computed tomography findings","display_name":"Predictive factors for non-diagnostic results of computed tomography\u2013guided percutaneous core needle biopsy of the lung: focus on computed tomography findings","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225634658","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43001201"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4274/dir.2026.264362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","pdf_url":"https://dirjournal.org/pdf/beb8919b-f013-4ea1-b1c8-40332e840fe1/articles/dir.2026.264362/DIR-2026.264362.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189829","display_name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology","issn_l":"1300-4360","issn":["1300-4360","1305-3612","1305-3825"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","tr-dizin","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dirjournal.org/pdf/beb8919b-f013-4ea1-b1c8-40332e840fe1/articles/dir.2026.264362/DIR-2026.264362.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051805288","display_name":"Wonju Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-5483","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-5483"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159787","display_name":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04ngysf93","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787","https://openalex.org/I4210167048"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonju Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082614661","display_name":"In Jae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-5677","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9775-5677"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159787","display_name":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04ngysf93","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787","https://openalex.org/I4210167048"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In Jae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086155226","display_name":"Lyo Min Kwon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5611-2480","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5611-2480"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159787","display_name":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04ngysf93","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787","https://openalex.org/I4210167048"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyo Min Kwon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134824920","display_name":"Min-Jeong Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-5896","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-5896"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159787","display_name":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04ngysf93","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787","https://openalex.org/I4210167048"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min-Jeong Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Radiology, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140904342","display_name":"Kyu Jin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7444-2458","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7444-2458"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159787","display_name":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04ngysf93","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787","https://openalex.org/I4210167048"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyu Jin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159787"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13759","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Pathology Studies","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12379","display_name":"Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-lesions","display_name":"lung lesions","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-diagnostic-biopsy","display_name":"non-diagnostic biopsy","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-factors","display_name":"predictive factors","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computed-tomography-findings","display_name":"computed tomography findings","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion-size","display_name":"lesion size","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atelectasis","display_name":"atelectasis","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleural-invasion","display_name":"pleural invasion","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer-diagnosis","display_name":"lung cancer diagnosis","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-yield","display_name":"diagnostic yield","score":0.42800000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeat-biopsy","display_name":"repeat biopsy","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-sample-bias","display_name":"small sample bias","score":0.6809999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9588000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.6934999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.5863000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5691999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.5644999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2071287","display_name":"Percutaneous","level":2,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5328999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.5123999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.4878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775934546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179991","display_name":"Biopsy","level":2,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781101014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754031","display_name":"Atelectasis","level":3,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122048520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2913954","display_name":"Percentile","level":2,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170964787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7611170","display_name":"Stepwise regression","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781464078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7685898","display_name":"Target lesion","level":4,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76318530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16833590","display_name":"Area under the curve","level":2,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4274/dir.2026.264362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","pdf_url":"https://dirjournal.org/pdf/beb8919b-f013-4ea1-b1c8-40332e840fe1/articles/dir.2026.264362/DIR-2026.264362.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189829","display_name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology","issn_l":"1300-4360","issn":["1300-4360","1305-3612","1305-3825"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","tr-dizin","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43001201","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43001201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4274/dir.2026.264362","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4274/dir.2026.264362","pdf_url":"https://dirjournal.org/pdf/beb8919b-f013-4ea1-b1c8-40332e840fe1/articles/dir.2026.264362/DIR-2026.264362.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189829","display_name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology","issn_l":"1300-4360","issn":["1300-4360","1305-3612","1305-3825"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","tr-dizin","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225634658.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225634658.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3012161784","https://openalex.org/W4410793587","https://openalex.org/W2974460860","https://openalex.org/W1898252063","https://openalex.org/W3177800991","https://openalex.org/W7215619878","https://openalex.org/W122956213","https://openalex.org/W3120145429","https://openalex.org/W2040108198","https://openalex.org/W2384885506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"Computed":[1],"tomography":[2],"(CT)-guided":[3],"percutaneous":[4],"core":[5],"needle":[6,218,279],"biopsy":[7,29,324],"(PCNB)":[8],"of":[9,43,159,170,208,274,285],"pulmonary":[10,66],"lesions":[11,67],"is":[12],"widely":[13],"used":[14],"for":[15,53,65],"tissue":[16],"diagnosis,":[17,26],"but":[18],"non-diagnostic":[19,44,102,160,171,252,286],"results":[20,46,161,172,287],"remain":[21],"common":[22],"and":[23,40,47,76,86,94,101,121,148,154,216,242,277,314,329],"can":[24],"delay":[25],"prompting":[27],"repeat":[28],"or":[30],"prolonged":[31],"follow-up.":[32],"This":[33,57],"study":[34,59],"aimed":[35],"to":[36,48,117,198,269],"identify":[37],"clinical,":[38],"CT,":[39],"procedural":[41,95,315],"predictors":[42,105,169,284],"PCNB":[45],"develop":[49],"a":[50,69,122,248,299],"scoring":[51,124,227,293,307],"system":[52,125,228,294],"risk":[54,257,320],"stratification.":[55],"METHODS:":[56],"retrospective":[58],"included":[60],"consecutive":[61],"CT-guided":[62,289],"PCNBs":[63,81],"performed":[64],"at":[68],"single":[70],"tertiary":[71],"center":[72],"between":[73,99],"January":[74],"2019":[75],"March":[77],"2021,":[78],"comprising":[79],"358":[80],"in":[82,88,151,233,251,298],"the":[83,89,133,136,152,199,234,270],"training":[84,153,235],"cohort":[85],"126":[87],"validation":[90,155,243,301],"cohort.":[91,302],"Clinical,":[92],"radiologic,":[93],"variables":[96],"were":[97,106,145,162,173,282],"compared":[98],"diagnostic":[100,331],"groups.":[103,258],"Independent":[104],"identified":[107],"using":[108,132],"multivariate":[109],"logistic":[110],"regression":[111],"with":[112,247],"Firth's":[113],"penalized":[114],"likelihood":[115],"method":[116],"reduce":[118],"small-sample":[119],"bias,":[120],"weighted":[123],"was":[126,130],"developed.":[127],"Discriminative":[128],"performance":[129,232,297],"evaluated":[131],"area":[134],"under":[135],"receiver":[137],"operating":[138],"characteristic":[139],"curve":[140],"(AUC).":[141],"RESULTS:":[142],"Non-diagnostic":[143],"rates":[144],"20.4%":[146],"(73/358)":[147],"22.2%":[149],"(28/126)":[150],"cohorts,":[156],"respectively;":[157],"34.7%":[158],"ultimately":[163],"confirmed":[164],"as":[165],"malignant.":[166],"Five":[167],"independent":[168,283],"identified:":[174],"lesion":[175,201],"size":[176,261],"\u2264":[177,262],"1.5":[178,263],"cm":[179],"[odds":[180],"ratio":[181],"(OR),":[182],"2.434;":[183],"95%":[184,193,204,213,223],"confidence":[185],"interval":[186],"(CI),":[187],"1.111-5.204],":[188],"patchy":[189,265],"morphology":[190],"(OR,":[191,202,211,221],"2.423;":[192],"CI,":[194,205,214,224],"1.210-4.794),":[195],"atelectasis":[196,267],"adjacent":[197,268],"target":[200,271],"2.221;":[203],"1.096-4.426),":[206],"absence":[207,273],"pleural":[209,275],"invasion":[210],"8.418;":[212],"2.084-77.273),":[215],"inaccurate":[217,278],"tip":[219,280],"positioning":[220,281],"3.669;":[222],"1.513-8.907).":[225],"The":[226,291,305],"demonstrated":[229],"modest":[230],"discriminative":[231],"(AUC,":[236,245],"0.731;":[237],"bootstrap":[238],"optimism-corrected":[239],"AUC,":[240],"0.692)":[241],"cohorts":[244],"0.769),":[246],"stepwise":[249],"increase":[250],"probability":[253],"across":[254],"four":[255],"score-based":[256],"CONCLUSION:":[259],"Lesion":[260],"cm,":[264],"morphology,":[266],"lesion,":[272],"invasion,":[276],"after":[288],"PCNB.":[290],"derived":[292,306],"showed":[295],"consistent":[296],"temporal":[300],"CLINICAL":[303],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[304],"system,":[308],"based":[309],"on":[310],"readily":[311],"assessable":[312],"CT":[313],"factors,":[316],"may":[317],"enable":[318],"pre-procedural":[319],"stratification,":[321],"facilitate":[322],"individualized":[323],"planning,":[325],"optimize":[326],"sampling":[327],"strategy,":[328],"improve":[330],"yield.":[332]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}