{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225631807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","title":"Challenges Facing Facilities Management in the Automation and Digital Transformation of Private Universities","display_name":"Challenges Facing Facilities Management in the Automation and Digital Transformation of Private Universities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225631807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings16214452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093268312","display_name":"Mohamed Salah Ezz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-8512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-8512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132304","display_name":"Obour Institutes","ror":"https://ror.org/046ksv218","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132304"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405275539","display_name":"Onaizah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/03sha9j83","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405275539"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Salah Ezz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Qassim 56447, Saudi Arabia","Department of Architecture, The Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology,  K21 Cairo/Bilbies, Obour City 11828, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-8512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Qassim 56447, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405275539"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, The Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology,  K21 Cairo/Bilbies, Obour City 11828, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071481203","display_name":"Saleh Baharetha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0263-2211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0263-2211"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405275539","display_name":"Onaizah Colleges","ror":"https://ror.org/03sha9j83","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405275539"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh Baharetha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Qassim 56447, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0263-2211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Onaizah Colleges, Qassim 56447, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405275539"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058990442","display_name":"Mohamed Ahmed F. Mahdy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-7056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-7056"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I240666556","display_name":"Imam Mohammad ibn Saud Islamic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxjyb39","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84524832","display_name":"Alexandria University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mzz1w90","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}],"countries":["EG","SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ahmed F. Mahdy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","Department of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-7056","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, Faculty of Fine Arts, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84524832"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058990442","https://openalex.org/A5093268312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I240666556","https://openalex.org/I4210132304","https://openalex.org/I4405275539","https://openalex.org/I84524832"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"21","first_page":"4452","last_page":"4452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12408","display_name":"Digital Transformation of Higher Education","score":0.39649999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12408","display_name":"Digital Transformation of Higher Education","score":0.39649999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12256","display_name":"Facilities and Workplace Management","score":0.3515999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.09109999984502792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facility-management","display_name":"facility management","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"digital transformation","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"automation","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/private-universities","display_name":"private universities","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legacy-systems","display_name":"legacy systems","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybersecurity-risks","display_name":"cybersecurity risks","score":0.7009999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset-management","display_name":"asset management","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saudi-vision-2030","display_name":"Saudi Vision 2030","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barriers-to-adoption","display_name":"barriers to adoption","score":0.6039999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.6245999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776517139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873442","display_name":"Asset management","level":2,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4537999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117009084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837060","display_name":"Facility management","level":2,"score":0.4212000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings16214452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/buildings16214452","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16214452","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191137","display_name":"Buildings","issn_l":"2075-5309","issn":["2075-5309"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Buildings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064914720","https://openalex.org/W2078483536","https://openalex.org/W2581860612","https://openalex.org/W2969926797","https://openalex.org/W3008753519","https://openalex.org/W3036858602","https://openalex.org/W3113260188","https://openalex.org/W3136296434","https://openalex.org/W3161147614","https://openalex.org/W3198733960","https://openalex.org/W4200274790","https://openalex.org/W4224298441","https://openalex.org/W4281632197","https://openalex.org/W4281932510","https://openalex.org/W4307328803","https://openalex.org/W4307511544","https://openalex.org/W4310376409","https://openalex.org/W4382173884","https://openalex.org/W4386141874","https://openalex.org/W4391143824","https://openalex.org/W4391229262","https://openalex.org/W4399463119","https://openalex.org/W4400486570","https://openalex.org/W4402275098","https://openalex.org/W4403868321","https://openalex.org/W4404493129","https://openalex.org/W4404817274","https://openalex.org/W4404867395","https://openalex.org/W4406744801","https://openalex.org/W4407078196","https://openalex.org/W4407809132","https://openalex.org/W4408866902","https://openalex.org/W4408903605","https://openalex.org/W4409588782","https://openalex.org/W4410834143","https://openalex.org/W4411159057","https://openalex.org/W4411787940","https://openalex.org/W4412527299","https://openalex.org/W4414358408","https://openalex.org/W4414442529","https://openalex.org/W4414655757","https://openalex.org/W7155094440","https://openalex.org/W7163026102","https://openalex.org/W7169833822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7161165690","https://openalex.org/W3136296434","https://openalex.org/W2004319623","https://openalex.org/W4413805950","https://openalex.org/W3091889995","https://openalex.org/W7215471024","https://openalex.org/W7019492864","https://openalex.org/W3216357310","https://openalex.org/W4389227317","https://openalex.org/W4408208428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"transformation":[1],"(DT)":[2],"and":[3,29,77,103,112,130,133,150,166,230],"automation":[4],"can":[5],"move":[6],"campus":[7],"operations":[8],"from":[9,59,84,239],"reactive":[10],"repair":[11],"to":[12,71,184],"proactive":[13],"asset":[14],"management,":[15],"yet":[16],"facilities":[17,72],"management":[18],"(FM)":[19],"in":[20,46,88],"private":[21,47,86],"higher":[22],"education":[23],"still":[24],"relies":[25],"on":[26,66,201],"manual":[27],"workflows":[28],"fragmented":[30],"legacy":[31,140,162],"infrastructure.":[32],"Aligned":[33],"with":[34,108,115,122,210],"Saudi":[35,92],"Vision":[36],"2030,":[37],"this":[38],"study":[39],"quantifies":[40],"the":[41],"barriers":[42],"impeding":[43],"DT":[44],"adoption":[45],"university":[48],"FM.":[49],"A":[50],"questionnaire":[51],"covering":[52],"40":[53,213],"challenges":[54],"across":[55],"five":[56],"dimensions,":[57],"derived":[58],"a":[60,67,98,190,231],"structured":[61],"literature":[62],"review,":[63],"was":[64,106],"administered":[65],"four-point":[68],"challenge":[69],"scale":[70],"managers":[73,138],"(n":[74,80],"=":[75,81,128,144,181,195,205,208],"60)":[76,82],"IT":[78,156],"specialists":[79,157],"drawn":[83],"six":[85],"universities":[87],"three":[89],"regions":[90],"of":[91,212,225],"Arabia.":[93],"Responses":[94],"were":[95],"converted":[96],"into":[97],"Relative":[99],"Challenge":[100],"Index":[101],"(RCI)":[102],"ranked;":[104],"agreement":[105],"assessed":[107],"Spearman\u2019s":[109],"rank":[110],"correlation":[111],"item-level":[113],"differences":[114],"Mann\u2013Whitney":[116],"U":[117],"tests":[118],"under":[119],"Holm\u2013Bonferroni":[120],"correction,":[121],"robustness":[123],"established":[124],"by":[125,131,189],"bootstrapping":[126],"(B":[127],"10,000)":[129],"weighting-scheme":[132],"sample-size":[134],"sensitivity":[135],"analyses.":[136],"Facilities":[137],"ranked":[139],"system":[141,163],"incompatibility":[142,164],"(RCI":[143],"87.08%),":[145],"absent":[146],"IT\u2013FM":[147],"budgets":[148],"(85.83%)":[149],"hidden":[151],"integration":[152,169],"costs":[153],"(84.17%)":[154],"highest;":[155],"prioritized":[158],"cybersecurity":[159],"risks":[160],"(90.42%),":[161],"(90.00%)":[165],"poor":[167],"platform":[168],"(89.58%).":[170],"The":[171,219],"two":[172,191],"groups":[173],"reported":[174],"statistically":[175],"indistinguishable":[176],"overall":[177],"burden":[178],"(Wilcoxon":[179],"p":[180,194,207],"0.702;":[182],"equivalent":[183],"within":[185],"\u00b110":[186],"percentage":[187],"points":[188],"one-sided":[192],"test,":[193],"0.0017)":[196],"but":[197],"agreed":[198],"only":[199],"weakly":[200],"its":[202],"distribution":[203],"(\u03c1":[204],"0.390,":[206],"0.013),":[209],"22":[211],"items":[214,242],"differing":[215],"significantly":[216],"after":[217],"correction.":[218],"FM\u2013IT":[220],"disconnect":[221],"is":[222],"therefore":[223],"one":[224],"attention":[226],"rather":[227],"than":[228],"intensity,":[229],"four-quadrant":[232],"priority":[233],"matrix":[234],"separates":[235],"14":[236],"consensus":[237],"targets":[238],"12":[240],"contested":[241],"requiring":[243],"negotiated":[244],"governance.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
