{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225629941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","title":"Establishment and Comparison of AMD-Relevant Fibrotic, Hypoxic, and Oxidative Stress Models in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells","display_name":"Establishment and Comparison of AMD-Relevant Fibrotic, Hypoxic, and Oxidative Stress Models in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225629941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox15111450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159100558","display_name":"Chen-Chin Chang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen-Chin Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101586209","display_name":"Ling Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0776-1630","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0776-1630"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0776-1630","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612047","display_name":"Jialing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2270-2444","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2270-2444"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018300662","display_name":"Jingwen Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4201-8707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4201-8707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4201-8707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159134870","display_name":"Sora Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sora Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039169820","display_name":"Michelle Yam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-994X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-994X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michelle Yam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5250-994X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057988533","display_name":"Elisa Eleanor Cornish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3898-8811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3898-8811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisa Cornish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025495036","display_name":"Jing Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-2438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-2438","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-859X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0097-2438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science Institute, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136050474","display_name":"Jianhai Du","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhai Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, 13 University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, 13 University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001215128","display_name":"Mark C. Gillies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-0274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-0274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark C. Gillies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-0274","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161346774","display_name":"Ting Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ting Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161346774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"apc_paid":{"value":2900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3499},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"11","first_page":"1450","last_page":"1450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10691","display_name":"Retinal Development and Disorders","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11501","display_name":"TGF-\u03b2 signaling in diseases","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"age-related macular degeneration","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-pigment-epithelium","display_name":"retinal pigment epithelium","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fibrosis","display_name":"fibrosis","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypoxia","display_name":"hypoxia","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tgf-beta2","display_name":"TGF-beta2","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobalt-chloride","display_name":"cobalt chloride","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-iodate","display_name":"sodium iodate","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proteomic-response","display_name":"proteomic response","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-matrix-remodeling","display_name":"extracellular matrix remodeling","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hexokinase-2","display_name":"hexokinase 2","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycolytic-metabolism","display_name":"glycolytic metabolism","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentially-abundant-proteins","display_name":"differentially abundant proteins","score":0.8130000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778024200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2346242","display_name":"Retinal pigment epithelium","level":3,"score":0.760699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898814","display_name":"Oxidative stress","level":2,"score":0.7285000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.6152999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189165786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193825","display_name":"Extracellular matrix","level":2,"score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57600042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q227564","display_name":"Oxidative phosphorylation","level":2,"score":0.4309000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28406088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5571762","display_name":"Extracellular","level":2,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781040256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316761","display_name":"Retinal degeneration","level":3,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3621000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48349386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424361","display_name":"Reactive oxygen species","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.32089999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779093074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140528","display_name":"Drusen","level":3,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986274086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199678","display_name":"Ascorbic acid","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28859421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39572","display_name":"Mitochondrion","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152724338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909442","display_name":"KEGG","level":5,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107538193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187526","display_name":"Melanin","level":2,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186198217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217740","display_name":"Lipofuscin","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox15111450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/197328","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/197328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196279","display_name":"OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/antiox15111450","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15111450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737566431","display_name":"Antioxidants","issn_l":"2076-3921","issn":["2076-3921"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Antioxidants","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W46824281","https://openalex.org/W1530827369","https://openalex.org/W1893667581","https://openalex.org/W1960434785","https://openalex.org/W1972642682","https://openalex.org/W1975726973","https://openalex.org/W1975875223","https://openalex.org/W1975959171","https://openalex.org/W1980495511","https://openalex.org/W2007014682","https://openalex.org/W2012159035","https://openalex.org/W2012322597","https://openalex.org/W2027705428","https://openalex.org/W2033958147","https://openalex.org/W2039002855","https://openalex.org/W2054147813","https://openalex.org/W2054888910","https://openalex.org/W2068742678","https://openalex.org/W2094971722","https://openalex.org/W2110712267","https://openalex.org/W2129971834","https://openalex.org/W2160226180","https://openalex.org/W2327580634","https://openalex.org/W2598520882","https://openalex.org/W2902385652","https://openalex.org/W2995502060","https://openalex.org/W3033177565","https://openalex.org/W3033657812","https://openalex.org/W3100546845","https://openalex.org/W3110583921","https://openalex.org/W3152706196","https://openalex.org/W3153383129","https://openalex.org/W3195854527","https://openalex.org/W3196308482","https://openalex.org/W3200332852","https://openalex.org/W4281787616","https://openalex.org/W4285023693","https://openalex.org/W4285085737","https://openalex.org/W4313897409","https://openalex.org/W4319600909","https://openalex.org/W4320923661","https://openalex.org/W4322745085","https://openalex.org/W4380853165","https://openalex.org/W4385494505","https://openalex.org/W4387252714","https://openalex.org/W4388451148","https://openalex.org/W4388672941","https://openalex.org/W4389100926","https://openalex.org/W4401940156","https://openalex.org/W4402130439","https://openalex.org/W4402752016","https://openalex.org/W4407389156","https://openalex.org/W4411177455","https://openalex.org/W4413416452","https://openalex.org/W7171632350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W347893328","https://openalex.org/W4366429450","https://openalex.org/W2051943009","https://openalex.org/W7111713171","https://openalex.org/W2082325637","https://openalex.org/W2981898784","https://openalex.org/W2036947311","https://openalex.org/W2042108790","https://openalex.org/W1530827369","https://openalex.org/W4390974421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Age-related":[0],"macular":[1],"degeneration":[2],"(AMD)":[3],"is":[4,16],"a":[5,97],"multifactorial":[6],"retinal":[7,11,46],"disease":[8],"in":[9,140],"which":[10,63],"pigment":[12,47],"epithelium":[13],"(RPE)":[14],"dysfunction":[15],"associated":[17,91,170],"with":[18,133],"oxidative":[19,69,120],"stress,":[20],"hypoxia,":[21],"and":[22,59,68,78,89,108,114,117,168],"fibrotic":[23],"remodelling.":[24],"Molecular":[25],"pathways":[26],"underlying":[27],"RPE":[28,142],"responses":[29,42],"to":[30,51,83,137,174],"these":[31],"AMD-related":[32],"stresses":[33],"remain":[34],"incompletely":[35],"understood.":[36],"This":[37,164],"study":[38],"compared":[39,125],"the":[40,129,175],"proteomic":[41,99],"of":[43,177],"human":[44],"primary":[45],"epithelial":[48],"(huRPE)":[49],"cells":[50],"transforming":[52],"growth":[53],"factor-\u03b22":[54],"(TGF-\u03b22),":[55],"cobalt":[56],"chloride":[57],"(CoCl2),":[58],"sodium":[60],"iodate":[61],"(NaIO3),":[62],"predominantly":[64,102],"promote":[65],"fibrotic,":[66],"hypoxic,":[67],"stresses,":[70],"respectively.":[71],"We":[72,123],"then":[73],"performed":[74],"Gene":[75],"Ontology":[76],"(GO)":[77],"Ingenuity":[79],"Pathway":[80],"Analysis":[81],"(IPA)":[82],"characterise":[84],"differentially":[85],"abundant":[86],"proteins":[87,134],"(DAPs)":[88],"their":[90],"functional":[92],"pathways.":[93],"Each":[94],"stressor":[95],"produced":[96],"distinct":[98],"profile.":[100],"TGF-\u03b22":[101],"affected":[103,119],"extracellular":[104],"matrix":[105],"(ECM)":[106],"remodelling":[107],"profibrotic":[109],"processes,":[110,116],"CoCl2":[111],"altered":[112,139,153],"hypoxia-associated":[113],"metabolic":[115,171],"NaIO3":[118],"stress-related":[121],"responses.":[122],"further":[124],"DAPs":[126],"identified":[127],"across":[128],"three":[130,161],"stress":[131,162],"models":[132],"previously":[135],"reported":[136],"be":[138],"AMD":[141],"by":[143],"Shen":[144],"et":[145],"al.":[146],"Notably,":[147],"hexokinase":[148],"2":[149],"(HK2),":[150],"an":[151],"AMD-associated":[152],"protein,":[154],"showed":[155],"consistently":[156],"increased":[157],"abundance":[158],"under":[159],"all":[160],"conditions.":[163],"convergence":[165],"highlights":[166],"HK2":[167],"its":[169],"regulation":[172],"contributing":[173],"multi-pathogenesis":[176],"AMD.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}