{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225628768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","title":"When AI Is Accused of Lying, Who Lies? Error, Constraint Arbitration and the AI-Mediated Lie","display_name":"When AI Is Accused of Lying, Who Lies? Error, Constraint Arbitration and the AI-Mediated Lie","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225628768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24074092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5152395154","display_name":"Bertrand Laugeri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Laugeri, Bertrand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Blooming Semantics Institute"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8600-5837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Blooming Semantics Institute","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5152395154"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9110999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0348999984562397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-deception","display_name":"AI deception","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-errors","display_name":"AI errors","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-governance","display_name":"AI governance","score":0.5389999747276306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40422974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741248","display_name":"Assertion","level":2,"score":0.7074000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6614000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.6614000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3905999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776437466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60920","display_name":"Lie detection","level":3,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160151201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207946","display_name":"Arbitration","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30809998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119421448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268776","display_name":"Lying","level":2,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113336015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574010","display_name":"Complete information","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24074092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24074093","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074093","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074093","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24074092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24074092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7106840196","https://openalex.org/W7104284597","https://openalex.org/W7138286302","https://openalex.org/W4389345739","https://openalex.org/W3205287819","https://openalex.org/W7125377098","https://openalex.org/W7129403085","https://openalex.org/W7207567617","https://openalex.org/W7128305012","https://openalex.org/W4414043320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"systems":[3],"are":[4,11,218,234],"increasingly":[5],"accused":[6],"of":[7,25,223,311],"lying,":[8],"and":[9,46,195,230,256,269,272,276,280,296,315],"users":[10],"offered":[12],"prompts":[13],"said":[14],"to":[15,18,152,176,182,201,306],"force":[16],"them":[17],"tell":[19],"the":[20,138,143,148,180,193,245,250,254,304],"truth.":[21],"A":[22,50,107,129],"significant":[23],"class":[24],"these":[26],"accusations":[27],"conflates":[28],"distinct":[29],"phenomena.":[30],"At":[31],"output":[32],"level,":[33],"this":[34],"note":[35,94,141,263,300],"separates":[36],"a":[37,40,56,62,80,97,112,202,208,307],"functional":[38,113],"lie,":[39,255],"mere":[41],"error,":[42],"signalled":[43],"constraint":[44,48,282],"arbitration":[45],"unsignalled":[47],"arbitration.":[49],"false":[51,122],"answer":[52,64],"may":[53,65,109,134,187,196,210],"faithfully":[54],"reflect":[55],"false,":[57,178],"incomplete":[58],"or":[59,87,131,161,191],"biased":[60],"representation;":[61],"selective":[63],"result":[66],"from":[67,72,249,259],"competing":[68],"requirements":[69],"rather":[70],"than":[71,90],"insincerity.":[73],"The":[74,93,185,221,236,262,299],"central":[75],"practical":[76],"failure":[77],"arises":[78],"when":[79,115,216],"limited":[81],"analysis":[82],"is":[83,239],"presented":[84],"as":[85,121,170],"complete":[86],"better":[88],"supported":[89],"it":[91,116,119,125,168],"is.":[92],"then":[95],"asks":[96],"different":[98],"question:":[99],"who":[100,156,247],"lies?":[101],"It":[102,290],"distinguishes":[103,292],"three":[104,265],"attributional":[105,242],"configurations.":[106],"system":[108,165,186],"lie":[110,136,146,150],"in":[111],"sense":[114],"asserts":[117],"what":[118,172],"represents":[120],"so":[123,166],"that":[124,167,173,252],"will":[126],"be":[127,177],"believed.":[128],"human":[130],"organisational":[132],"actor":[133,155,174,246],"also":[135,291],"through":[137,287],"system.":[139],"This":[140],"proposes":[142,264],"term":[144],"AI-mediated":[145,224],"for":[147],"strict":[149],"attributable":[151],"an":[153,163,241],"identifiable":[154,214],"intentionally":[157],"uses,":[158],"configures,":[159],"supplies":[160],"manipulates":[162],"AI":[164,251],"communicates":[169],"true":[171],"takes":[175],"intending":[179],"recipient":[181],"believe":[183],"it.":[184],"generate,":[188],"personalise,":[189],"amplify":[190],"transmit":[192],"assertion":[194],"itself":[197],"remain":[198],"honest":[199],"relative":[200],"deliberately":[203],"manipulated":[204],"reference":[205,273],"environment.":[206],"Finally,":[207],"chain":[209],"deceive":[211],"without":[212],"any":[213],"liar":[215],"qualifications":[217],"progressively":[219],"lost.":[220],"phenomena":[222],"deception,":[225],"malicious":[226],"use,":[227],"corpus":[228],"poisoning":[229],"adversarial":[231],"environmental":[232],"manipulation":[233],"established.":[235],"proposed":[237],"contribution":[238],"narrower:":[240],"category":[243],"separating":[244],"lies":[248],"mediates":[253],"distinguishing":[257],"both":[258],"structural":[260],"deception.":[261],"governance":[266],"requirements:":[267],"protect":[268],"govern":[270,277],"sources":[271],"environments;":[274],"declare":[275],"priority":[278],"ordering;":[279],"signal":[281,286],"arbitration,":[283],"preserving":[284],"its":[285],"delegated":[288],"hand-offs.":[289],"causal":[293],"contribution,":[294],"responsibility":[295],"legal":[297],"liability.":[298],"concludes":[301],"by":[302],"marking":[303],"transition":[305],"forthcoming":[308],"comparative":[309],"study":[310],"European":[312],"Union,":[313],"Chinese":[314],"United":[316],"States":[317],"law.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
