{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225628763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","title":"Purpose-Dependent Selection of Relevant Differences: How the Purpose of a Comparison Decides Which Differences Count","display_name":"Purpose-Dependent Selection of Relevant Differences: How the Purpose of a Comparison Decides Which Differences Count","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225628763","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24093164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159573497","display_name":"Alexandra Cary","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cary, Alexandra","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5159573497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.3041999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.3041999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.11129999905824661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation","score":0.08910000324249268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-criteria","display_name":"evaluation criteria","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiac-arrhythmia-suppression-trial","display_name":"Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encainide","display_name":"encainide","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flecainide","display_name":"flecainide","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arrhythmia-suppression","display_name":"arrhythmia suppression","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-systems","display_name":"reward systems","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaluation-indicators","display_name":"evaluation metrics","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interchangeability","display_name":"interchangeability","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.770799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779606619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092524","display_name":"Interchangeability","level":2,"score":0.7541999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.531499981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5098000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776957806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895105","display_name":"Interim","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24093164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24093165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24093164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24093164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2471356929","https://openalex.org/W2412862510","https://openalex.org/W2312402191","https://openalex.org/W2470338566","https://openalex.org/W2055999086","https://openalex.org/W2043045906","https://openalex.org/W1994849291","https://openalex.org/W4250352551","https://openalex.org/W2054843198","https://openalex.org/W2778487557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,63],"conceptual":[1],"paper":[2,35,153],"introduces":[3],"Purpose-Dependent":[4],"Selection":[5],"of":[6,77,95,142,181],"Relevant":[7],"Differences,":[8],"an":[9,78,85],"evaluative":[10],"criterion":[11,91],"for":[12,60,189],"judging":[13,59],"whether":[14,37,176],"cases":[15],"can":[16,47,171],"be":[17],"treated":[18],"as":[19],"equivalent.":[20],"The":[21,34,87,105,126],"differences":[22,39,186],"a":[23],"comparison":[24],"may":[25],"disregard":[26],"depend":[27],"on":[28,49,175],"the":[29,31,43,50,75,90,100,136,143,152,167,185,190],"purpose":[30],"judgment":[32],"serves.":[33],"asks":[36],"ignored":[38,79],"are":[40,58,159],"irrelevant":[41],"to":[42,92,138],"stated":[44],"use.":[45,192],"Parties":[46],"agree":[48],"facts":[51],"yet":[52],"disagree":[53],"about":[54,156],"equivalence":[55,67,83],"because":[56],"they":[57,162],"different":[61],"purposes.":[62],"does":[64,128],"not":[65,129],"make":[66],"arbitrary":[68],"or":[69,117,134],"all":[70],"purposes":[71],"equally":[72],"defensible.":[73],"Where":[74],"relevance":[76],"difference":[80],"is":[81],"unresolved,":[82],"remains":[84],"assumption.":[86],"account":[88],"relates":[89],"Kerr\u2019s":[93],"analysis":[94],"reward":[96],"systems":[97],"and":[98,145,164,179],"examines":[99],"Cardiac":[101],"Arrhythmia":[102],"Suppression":[103],"Trial.":[104],"case":[106],"distinguishes":[107],"successful":[108],"arrhythmia":[109],"suppression":[110],"from":[111],"improved":[112],"survival:":[113],"patients":[114],"assigned":[115,124],"encainide":[116],"flecainide":[118],"had":[119],"higher":[120],"mortality":[121,132],"than":[122],"those":[123],"placebo.":[125],"discussion":[127],"explain":[130],"that":[131,187],"increase":[133],"generalize":[135],"findings":[137],"every":[139],"setting.":[140],"Part":[141],"Equivalence":[144],"Interchangeability":[146],"series":[147],"within":[148],"On":[149],"Human":[150],"Modeling,":[151],"offers":[154],"questions":[155],"what":[157,161],"comparisons":[158],"for,":[160],"ignore,":[163],"who":[165],"bears":[166],"consequences.":[168],"Its":[169],"framework":[170],"inform":[172],"human\u2013AI":[173],"research":[174],"evaluation":[177],"metrics":[178],"judgments":[180],"equivalent":[182],"performance":[183],"preserve":[184],"matter":[188],"intended":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}