{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225627893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","title":"Can CT Phantoms Produce Realistic CT Images of Human Anatomy? Physics-Based Evaluation of Multimaterial 3D-Printed CT Phantoms From CT Data","display_name":"Can CT Phantoms Produce Realistic CT Images of Human Anatomy? Physics-Based Evaluation of Multimaterial 3D-Printed CT Phantoms From CT Data","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225627893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43000449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136338150","display_name":"Investigative Radiology","issn_l":"0020-9996","issn":["0020-9996","1536-0210"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114471376","display_name":"S\u00f6ren Jasper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6954-9045","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6954-9045"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800191616","display_name":"Maastricht University Medical Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9ce178","country_code":"NL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800191616"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100468","display_name":"University Hospital Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/01462r250","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100468"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153902","display_name":"Siemens Healthineers (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/0449c4c15","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153902"]}],"countries":["CH","DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S\u00f6ren Jasper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.J., C.J., T.F., B.M., J.E.W.); Siemens Healthineers AG, Diagnostic Imaging, Computed Tomography Research & Development, Forchheim, Germany (S.J., R.G., T.A., B.S.); Stratasys Ltd., Rehovot, Israel (I.B.); Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.J., C.J., T.F., J.E.W.); Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.F.)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6954-9045","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.J., C.J., T.F., B.M., J.E.W.); Siemens Healthineers AG, Diagnostic Imaging, Computed Tomography Research & Development, Forchheim, Germany (S.J., R.G., T.A., B.S.); Stratasys Ltd., Rehovot, Israel (I.B.); Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht, The Netherlands (B.M.); Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.J., C.J., T.F., J.E.W.); Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.F.)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800191616","https://openalex.org/I34352273","https://openalex.org/I4210100468","https://openalex.org/I4210153902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009610408","display_name":"C\u00e9cile R. L. P. N. Jeukens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-8301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-8301"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9cile Jeukens","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1403-8301","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086568941","display_name":"Thomas G. Flohr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-5531","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9524-5531"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Flohr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002364032","display_name":"Ralf Gutjahr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3648-7503","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3648-7503"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ralf Gutjahr","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3648-7503","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067716250","display_name":"Thomas Allmendinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-4017","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-4017"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Allmendinger","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-4017","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069306817","display_name":"Ido Bitan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ido Bitan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020493880","display_name":"Bibi Martens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-6640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-6640"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bibi Martens","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3105-6640","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085019142","display_name":"Bernhard T. Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5894-6374","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5894-6374"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernhard Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038435823","display_name":"Joachim Ernst Wildberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4810-6854","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4810-6854"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim E. Wildberger","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.6851000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11984","display_name":"Anatomy and Medical Technology","score":0.6851000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.2800000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.022600000724196434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ct-phantom","display_name":"CT phantom","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-specific-phantoms","display_name":"patient-specific phantoms","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abdominal-phantom","display_name":"abdominal phantom","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-resolution","display_name":"spatial resolution","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-noise","display_name":"image noise","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-spread-function","display_name":"edge spread function","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-power-spectrum","display_name":"noise power spectrum","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconstruction-kernels","display_name":"reconstruction kernels","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-counting-ct","display_name":"photon-counting CT","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-smoothing","display_name":"edge smoothing","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.8830999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4684999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35772409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323086","display_name":"Image noise","level":3,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9893847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425625","display_name":"Reproducibility","level":2,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779751349","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474480","display_name":"Scanner","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775842073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208376","display_name":"Positron emission tomography","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136338150","display_name":"Investigative Radiology","issn_l":"0020-9996","issn":["0020-9996","1536-0210"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43000449","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43000449","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative radiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/rli.0000000000001319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136338150","display_name":"Investigative Radiology","issn_l":"0020-9996","issn":["0020-9996","1536-0210"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315671","host_organization_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315671","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Investigative Radiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2047459256","https://openalex.org/W2063943701","https://openalex.org/W2611740952","https://openalex.org/W2769679331","https://openalex.org/W2809530635","https://openalex.org/W2972457898","https://openalex.org/W3012761534","https://openalex.org/W3022830225","https://openalex.org/W3196933398","https://openalex.org/W4206457879","https://openalex.org/W4313339730","https://openalex.org/W4318693914","https://openalex.org/W4387653769","https://openalex.org/W4402284643","https://openalex.org/W4406740265","https://openalex.org/W4409135194","https://openalex.org/W4415803854","https://openalex.org/W4417276023","https://openalex.org/W7127389615"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306658696","https://openalex.org/W4387653769","https://openalex.org/W4220998604","https://openalex.org/W2888275089","https://openalex.org/W4386224956","https://openalex.org/W2886782070","https://openalex.org/W2809530635","https://openalex.org/W4383483606","https://openalex.org/W2905861346","https://openalex.org/W1823314967"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"Patient-specific":[1],"computed":[2],"tomography":[3],"(CT)":[4],"phantoms":[5,43,158,167,437,510],"can":[6,282],"be":[7,69,283],"produced":[8],"using":[9,95,159,191,207,443,492],"a":[10,36,45,82,101,143,146,215,219,227,354,418,423,450],"novel":[11],"3D-printing":[12],"technique":[13],"that":[14,265],"aims":[15],"at":[16,279],"replicating":[17],"measured":[18,288],"CT":[19,28,59,105,110,135,229,242,258,266,385,395,406,436,440,472,513,526],"image":[20,175,441,461],"volumes":[21,442],"with":[22,50,142,162,226,238,294,317,332,341,364,393,404,446,470],"high":[23],"anatomic":[24],"fidelity":[25],"and":[26,44,55,98,119,131,145,197,248,322,377,422,465,487,516,518,524],"accurate":[27],"values.":[29,60],"The":[30,74,478],"purpose":[31],"of":[32,40,58,65,112,124,137,182,217,251,256,260,303,336,382,409,460,468,501,521],"this":[33],"study":[34,75],"is":[35,482],"comprehensive":[37],"physics-based":[38],"evaluation":[39],"both":[41],"technical":[42],"full-size":[46,220],"adult":[47,221],"abdominal":[48,66,222,373],"phantom":[49,86,140,223,374,433],"regard":[51],"to":[52,107,120,153,171,272,338,398,484,506],"image-quality":[53,180,514],"metrics":[54],"the":[56,63,109,113,122,125,138,179,183,249,257,261,285,307,318,342,350,372,383,432,455,499],"reproducibility":[57],"In":[61,371],"addition,":[62],"visualization":[64],"pathologies":[67],"will":[68],"assessed.":[70],"MATERIALS":[71],"AND":[72],"METHODS:":[73],"was":[76,93,189,224,330,346,402],"conducted":[77],"in":[78,275,368,431,458],"3":[79],"steps.":[80],"First,":[81],"geometric":[83],"reference":[84,139,286,319],"disc":[85,157,351],"(40":[87],"mm":[88,91],"thickness,":[89],"150":[90],"diameter)":[92],"3D-printed":[94,225],"multimaterial":[96,160,447,503],"jetting":[97,161],"scanned":[99,170],"on":[100,128,353,449],"commercial":[102],"photon-counting":[103],"detector":[104],"(PCD-CT)":[106],"assess":[108,172],"values":[111,267,396,407,473],"base":[114,262],"materials":[115,263],"used":[116,150],"for":[117,320,349,391,511,519],"printing":[118,126,308,445,505],"evaluate":[121],"influence":[123],"process":[127],"spatial":[129,244,304,480],"resolution":[130,188,305,481],"noise":[132,203,208,246,463],"properties.":[133],"Second,":[134],"images":[136,235,240,278,375,457],"reconstructed":[141],"medium-sharp":[144,323,485],"sharp":[147,326,355],"kernel":[148],"were":[149,168,205,236,358,428],"as":[151,214,232],"templates":[152],"print":[154,410],"2":[155],"CT-derived":[156,310],"voxel-based":[163],"material":[164,411],"mapping.":[165],"These":[166,496],"then":[169],"how":[173],"template":[174,456,494],"sharpness":[176],"propagates":[177],"into":[178],"properties":[181,467],"final":[184],"printed":[185],"phantoms.":[186],"Spatial":[187],"evaluated":[190],"edge":[192,198,314,328],"spread":[193],"function":[194],"(ESF)":[195],"analysis":[196],"rise":[199],"distance":[200],"(ERD),":[201],"whereas":[202],"characteristics":[204],"assessed":[206],"power":[209],"spectrum":[210],"(NPS)":[211],"analysis.":[212],"Third,":[213],"proof":[216],"concept,":[218],"patient":[228,239,384],"data":[230],"set":[231],"template.":[233,356],"Phantom":[234],"compared":[237,316,340],"regarding":[241],"values,":[243],"resolution,":[245],"properties,":[247],"depiction":[250],"pathologic":[252,415],"structures.":[253],"RESULTS:":[254],"Evaluation":[255],"attenuation":[259,388,466],"showed":[264,291,312],"ranging":[268],"from":[269,439],"-37":[270],"HU":[271,274],"995":[273],"virtual":[276],"monoenergetic":[277],"60":[280],"keV":[281],"printed.For":[284],"disc,":[287],"ESF":[289,376],"curves":[290],"close":[292],"agreement":[293],"theoretical":[295],"expectations":[296],"across":[297,361],"all":[298,362],"reconstruction":[299,522],"kernels,":[300],"indicating":[301],"preservation":[302],"by":[306,491],"process.":[309],"discs":[311],"minor":[313,366],"smoothing":[315,329,345],"smooth":[321],"reconstructions.":[324],"For":[325],"reconstructions,":[327],"severe,":[331],"an":[333],"ERD":[334],"increase":[335],"up":[337,397],"32%":[339],"reference.":[343],"Edge":[344],"more":[347],"pronounced":[348],"based":[352],"NPS":[357,378],"highly":[359],"consistent":[360],"discs,":[363],"only":[365],"differences":[367],"peak":[369],"amplitude.":[370],"closely":[379],"matched":[380],"those":[381],"images.":[386,434,495],"Measured":[387],"agreed":[389],"well":[390],"tissues":[392,469],"positive":[394,471],"1000":[399,476],"HU.":[400,477],"Fat":[401],"represented":[403],"increased":[405],"because":[408],"limitations.":[412],"Clinically":[413],"relevant":[414],"structures,":[416],"including":[417],"large":[419],"hepatocellular":[420],"carcinoma":[421],"smaller":[424],"focal":[425],"liver":[426],"lesion,":[427],"displayed":[429],"comparably":[430],"CONCLUSIONS:":[435],"generated":[438],"3D":[444,504],"mapping":[448],"voxel":[451],"level":[452],"accurately":[453],"reproduce":[454],"terms":[459],"sharpness,":[462],"characteristics,":[464],"not":[474,489],"exceeding":[475],"achievable":[479],"limited":[483],"levels":[486],"does":[488],"improve":[490],"sharper":[493],"findings":[497],"support":[498],"use":[500],"image-based":[502],"produce":[507],"realistic":[508],"anthropomorphic":[509],"advanced":[512],"assessment":[515],"optimization,":[517],"validation":[520],"algorithms":[523],"quantitative":[525],"imaging":[527],"methods.":[528]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}