{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225627357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","title":"Conflicts and Trade-Offs Among Safety, Economic, and Environmental Objectives in Flight Operations Control","display_name":"Conflicts and Trade-Offs Among Safety, Economic, and Environmental Objectives in Flight Operations Control","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225627357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159939991","display_name":"Tongyu Shi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongyu Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAAC Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Wide Surveillance and Safety Operation Management & Control Technology, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAAC Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Wide Surveillance and Safety Operation Management & Control Technology, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102506473","display_name":"Yihan Jiang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5154944141","display_name":"Yunwen Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunwen Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161353269","display_name":"Yuanyuan Ding","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081208263","display_name":"Yantao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4933-3231","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4933-3231"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28813325","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yantao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science and Technology Innovation Research Institute, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4933-3231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science and Technology Innovation Research Institute, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081208263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28813325"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"11398","last_page":"11398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11524","display_name":"Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11599","display_name":"Aviation Industry Analysis and Trends","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/airline-operations","display_name":"airline operations","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-emissions","display_name":"CO2 emissions","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-safety","display_name":"operational safety","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-performance","display_name":"economic performance","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"multi-objective optimization","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nsga-ii","display_name":"NSGA-II","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pareto-front","display_name":"Pareto front","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/system-dynamics-modeling","display_name":"system dynamics modeling","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network-mapping","display_name":"neural network mapping","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-levers","display_name":"policy levers","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operational-decision-making","display_name":"operational decision-making","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.6419000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6011999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.5536999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.5060999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.48669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137635306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182667","display_name":"Pareto principle","level":2,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77405623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q598451","display_name":"System dynamics","level":2,"score":0.31619998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321565","display_name":"Civil Aviation University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/03je71k37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986204363","https://openalex.org/W2246080222","https://openalex.org/W2334442491","https://openalex.org/W2313782653","https://openalex.org/W3216960393","https://openalex.org/W2044418701","https://openalex.org/W3175081532","https://openalex.org/W2940158456","https://openalex.org/W1993394267","https://openalex.org/W2015532584"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"explore":[1],"the":[2,5,15,66,85,94,115,118,132,151,170,175,185,198,204],"coupling":[3,31],"among":[4,18,150],"safety,":[6,152],"economic,":[7,153],"and":[8,30,36,73,77,109,111,114,131,137,145,154,169,195,213],"environmental":[9,155,201],"objectives":[10,20,177,207],"in":[11],"flight":[12],"operations":[13],"control,":[14],"trade-off":[16,52,112,140,191],"patterns":[17],"these":[19],"were":[21,34,100,142],"analyzed.":[22],"The":[23,97,125,157],"core":[24,75],"scope":[25],"was":[26,45,54,61,82,120,129],"defined,":[27],"key":[28],"factors":[29],"feedback":[32],"relationships":[33,99],"identified,":[35],"a":[37,50,78,162],"system":[38],"dynamics":[39],"(SD)":[40],"model":[41,81],"with":[42],"seven":[43],"stocks":[44],"constructed,":[46],"based":[47],"on":[48,203],"which":[49],"semi-quantitative":[51],"analysis":[53],"conducted.":[55],"A":[56,189],"fully":[57],"connected":[58],"neural":[59],"network":[60],"then":[62],"introduced":[63],"to":[64],"fit":[65],"nonlinear":[67],"mapping":[68],"between":[69,193],"six":[70],"policy":[71,167,211],"levers":[72],"four":[74],"objectives,":[76],"multi-objective":[79],"optimization":[80],"built":[83],"using":[84],"elitist":[86],"Non-dominated":[87],"Sorting":[88],"Genetic":[89],"Algorithm":[90],"II":[91],"(NSGA-II),":[92],"generating":[93],"Pareto":[95],"front.":[96],"constraint":[98],"quantified":[101],"via":[102],"dynamic":[103],"trend":[104],"analysis,":[105],"threshold":[106],"attainability":[107],"tests,":[108],"compromise":[110,127],"coefficients,":[113],"stability":[116],"of":[117,200],"conclusions":[119],"verified":[121],"by":[122,210],"robustness":[123],"tests.":[124],"mean":[126,133],"coefficient":[128],"0.957,":[130],"profit\u2013safety,":[134],"carbon":[135,138],"emissions\u2013profit,":[136],"emissions\u2013safety":[139],"coefficients":[141],"12.335,":[143],"4.757,":[144],"\u22124.110,":[146],"respectively,":[147],"indicating":[148],"trade-offs":[149],"objectives.":[156],"study":[158],"finds":[159],"that":[160],"under":[161],"given":[163],"total":[164],"resource":[165],"budget,":[166],"space,":[168],"airline\u2019s":[171],"existing":[172],"operating":[173],"mode,":[174],"three":[176],"cannot":[178],"simultaneously":[179],"attain":[180],"their":[181],"individual":[182],"optima":[183],"within":[184],"feasible":[186],"solution":[187],"set.":[188],"strong":[190],"exists":[192],"safety":[194],"economy,":[196],"while":[197],"impacts":[199],"performance":[202],"other":[205],"two":[206],"are":[208],"constrained":[209],"settings":[212],"technological":[214],"pathways,":[215],"offering":[216],"theoretical":[217],"references":[218],"for":[219],"airlines\u2019":[220],"operational":[221],"decision-making.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
