{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225627006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","title":"China & Damaged Pakistan's Industrial Competitiveness: The 2015 Squeeze?","display_name":"China & Damaged Pakistan's Industrial Competitiveness: The 2015 Squeeze?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225627006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24085336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161334952","display_name":"Prof. Hafez Othman Hashmi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prof. Hafez Othman Hashmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Islamic Lawyers Movement, Reunion","Islamic Lawyers Movement"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Lawyers Movement, Reunion","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Islamic Lawyers Movement","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161334952"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.13210000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12129","display_name":"Global Energy Security and Policy","score":0.13210000097751617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2100","display_name":"General Energy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.09749999642372131,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11168","display_name":"International Development and Aid","score":0.06710000336170197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-sector","display_name":"electric utilities","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production-costs","display_name":"production costs","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sahiwal","display_name":"Sahiwal","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6424999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4643000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.43639999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4334999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776050585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7439360","display_name":"Scrutiny","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71554815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200974","display_name":"Nameplate capacity","level":4,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87980944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664112","display_name":"Industrial policy","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106866004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264259","display_name":"Economic rent","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184773241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387400","display_name":"Mains electricity","level":3,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201610","display_name":"Status quo","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175700187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939","display_name":"Manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85502023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157171","display_name":"Renting","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70105528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837379","display_name":"Call for bids","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112758219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16038819","display_name":"Duration (music)","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82753439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1419090","display_name":"Industrial production","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98965940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877496","display_name":"Transaction cost","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780958618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945621","display_name":"Average cost","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24085336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24085337","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085337","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24085336","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24085336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.48510000109672546},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.46149998903274536}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804882317","https://openalex.org/W7155719336","https://openalex.org/W2749860417","https://openalex.org/W2613133949","https://openalex.org/W3194249594","https://openalex.org/W1612072896","https://openalex.org/W1942144177","https://openalex.org/W2168680974","https://openalex.org/W3037560054","https://openalex.org/W4311607062"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"ranks":[2,91,147],"the":[3,10,58,83,94,136,155,178,213,244],"policy":[4,30],"decisions":[5],"that":[6,240],"most":[7],"plausibly":[8],"increased":[9],"cost":[11,158],"of":[12,29,40,71,168],"production":[13],"and":[14,52,109,124,140,207,225,234],"weakened":[15],"Pakistani":[16],"industrial":[17,65,157],"competitiveness":[18],"after":[19],"2001.":[20],"The":[21,88,143,218],"principal":[22],"outcome":[23],"is":[24,81],"an":[25,103,152,169,208],"ordinal,":[26],"evidence-weighted":[27],"ranking":[28],"mechanisms.":[31],"In":[32],"FY2025,":[33],"Chinese-associated":[34],"power":[35],"plants":[36],"accounted":[37],"for":[38,48,54,154],"36%":[39],"Pakistan\u2019s":[41,64],"projected":[42],"capacity":[43,75],"payments,":[44],"compared":[45],"with":[46,115,246],"15%":[47],"older":[49],"private":[50],"IPPs":[51],"49%":[53],"government-owned":[55],"plants,":[56],"highlighting":[57],"substantial":[59],"fixed":[60],"electricity":[61,202],"costs":[62],"burdening":[63],"competitiveness.":[66],"NEPRA":[67],"records":[68],"Rs1,806.187":[69],"billion":[70],"total":[72],"CPPA-G":[73],"system":[74],"purchases":[76],"in":[77,121,173,191],"FY2024\u201325,":[78],"but":[79,127,196],"this":[80],"not":[82],"private-sector":[84],"or":[85],"Chinese-project":[86],"subtotal.":[87],"1994":[89],"program":[90],"first":[92],"as":[93,151],"original":[95],"contractual":[96],"turning":[97],"point:":[98],"its":[99],"non-competitive":[100],"expansion":[101],"created":[102],"enduring":[104],"mismatch":[105],"between":[106],"payment":[107],"guarantees":[108],"utility":[110],"revenue.":[111],"Rental":[112],"projects":[113],"associated":[114],"Raja":[116],"Pervez":[117],"Ashraf":[118],"rank":[119],"worst":[120],"contemporary":[122],"unit-cost":[123],"procurement":[125],"scrutiny":[126],"were":[128],"shorter":[129],"(about":[130],"five":[131],"to":[132,177],"six":[133],"years),":[134],"unlike":[135],"30-year":[137],"Port":[138],"Qasim":[139],"Sahiwal":[141],"contracts.":[142],"2007":[144],"China":[145,176],"FTA":[146,187],"below":[148],"power-sector":[149],"failures":[150],"explanation":[153],"broad":[156],"squeeze:":[159],"a":[160],"World":[161],"Bank":[162],"partial-equilibrium":[163],"estimate":[164],"assigned":[165],"just":[166],"4.6%":[167],"observed":[170],"period\u2019s":[171],"increase":[172],"imports":[174],"from":[175],"agreement,":[179],"although":[180],"poor":[181],"market-access":[182],"use":[183],"harmed":[184],"selected":[185],"industries.":[186],"Phase":[188],"II,":[189],"effective":[190],"2020,":[192],"partially":[193],"improved":[194],"concessions":[195],"remained":[197],"underutilized.":[198],"Consequently,":[199],"long":[200],"duration":[201],"contracting":[203],"atop":[204],"weak":[205],"distribution":[206],"uncompetitive":[209],"manufacturing":[210],"environment":[211],"forms":[212],"more":[214],"defensible":[215],"leading":[216],"explanation.":[217],"2nd":[219],"December":[220],"2015":[221],"UK\u2013Pakistan\u2013China":[222],"commercial":[223],"forum":[224],"post-2001":[226],"U.S.":[227],"security":[228],"scenario":[229],"establishes":[230],"overlapping":[231],"external":[232],"interests":[233],"indicate":[235],"5Eyes":[236],"backed":[237],"Chinese":[238],"contracts":[239],"squeezed":[241],"Pakistan":[242],"via":[243],"culprits":[245],"offshore":[247],"interests.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}