{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225626910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","title":"Directional Contract Transition Revalidation for Model Context Protocol Tools: An Approval Continuity Framework for Evolving Agent Capabilities","display_name":"Directional Contract Transition Revalidation for Model Context Protocol Tools: An Approval Continuity Framework for Evolving Agent Capabilities","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225626910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18110615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104228386","display_name":"Syed Ijlal Haider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4736-2628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4736-2628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ijlal Haider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Cybersecurity, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4736-2628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Cybersecurity, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082925122","display_name":"Mohammad Nouman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1092-5443","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1092-5443"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Nouman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Cybersecurity, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1092-5443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Cybersecurity, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030861020","display_name":"Raja Majid Ali Ujjan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5356-4318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5356-4318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I868834043","display_name":"University of the West of Scotland","ror":"https://ror.org/04w3d2v20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raja Ujjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing and Cybersecurity, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing and Cybersecurity, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104228386"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I868834043"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"11","first_page":"615","last_page":"615"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.4032999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.4032999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.26930001378059387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.1599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-context-protocol","display_name":"Model Context Protocol","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-capabilities","display_name":"agent capabilities","score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-agent-safety","display_name":"AI agent safety","score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-in-the-loop-review","display_name":"human-in-the-loop review","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expert-consensus","display_name":"expert consensus","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8758999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.571399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.5133000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780398090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7317722","display_name":"Revalidation","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162838799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q596077","display_name":"Counterexample","level":2,"score":0.39559999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779110517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240788","display_name":"Supervisor","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53833338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061424","display_name":"Context switch","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142944206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786137","display_name":"Proactivity","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606712","display_name":"Transition (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18110615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/fi18110615","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18110615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34838331","display_name":"Future Internet","issn_l":"1999-5903","issn":["1999-5903"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Future Internet","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013113775","https://openalex.org/W2022429945","https://openalex.org/W2110617721","https://openalex.org/W2296686144","https://openalex.org/W2398078356","https://openalex.org/W2599242316","https://openalex.org/W2600915151","https://openalex.org/W2780145918","https://openalex.org/W2783404025","https://openalex.org/W2796104318","https://openalex.org/W2901432962","https://openalex.org/W2915114672","https://openalex.org/W2947616721","https://openalex.org/W3132825608","https://openalex.org/W3182966328","https://openalex.org/W4286331434","https://openalex.org/W4385208592","https://openalex.org/W4386025879","https://openalex.org/W4388191536","https://openalex.org/W4389099839","https://openalex.org/W4404317680","https://openalex.org/W4407008821","https://openalex.org/W4414013482","https://openalex.org/W4414777313","https://openalex.org/W4415932290","https://openalex.org/W7118532765","https://openalex.org/W7125502449","https://openalex.org/W7128708935","https://openalex.org/W7140130277","https://openalex.org/W7160053090","https://openalex.org/W7160262994","https://openalex.org/W7160304775","https://openalex.org/W7160874417","https://openalex.org/W7162018667","https://openalex.org/W7164822212","https://openalex.org/W7164867749","https://openalex.org/W7165680161","https://openalex.org/W7166585489","https://openalex.org/W7169754295","https://openalex.org/W7171352128","https://openalex.org/W7171389567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223737239","https://openalex.org/W7167680075","https://openalex.org/W7128738998","https://openalex.org/W7218997211","https://openalex.org/W7116325678","https://openalex.org/W7203995855","https://openalex.org/W7213905672","https://openalex.org/W7167059369","https://openalex.org/W7214917676","https://openalex.org/W7160231522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Model":[0],"Context":[1],"Protocol":[2],"(MCP)":[3],"clients":[4],"may":[5],"approve":[6],"a":[7,41,59,101,136,239],"Tool":[8,128],"whose":[9],"authenticated,":[10],"client-visible":[11],"contract":[12],"later":[13],"changes.":[14,39],"Directional":[15],"Contract":[16],"Transition":[17],"Revalidation":[18],"(DCTR)":[19],"retains":[20],"grant-bound":[21],"operational":[22],"and":[23,31,97,100,112,175,210,274,292],"last-human-reviewed":[24],"baselines,":[25],"canonicalizes":[26],"contracts":[27,142],"with":[28,203],"RFC":[29],"8785/JCS,":[30],"assigns":[32],"L0\u2013L4":[33],"renewal":[34],"actions":[35],"to":[36,143,241],"typed":[37],"directional":[38],"Because":[40],"maximum":[42],"of":[43,297],"individual":[44],"path":[45],"levels":[46],"can":[47],"miss":[48],"jointly":[49,192],"introduced":[50],"behavior,":[51],"the":[52,71,91,108,162,172,216],"final":[53],"proposed":[54],"DCTR-IA-2.0":[55],"decision":[56],"rule":[57],"requires":[58],"hash-bound":[60],"whole-contract":[61],"assessment":[62],"for":[63],"multi-path":[64],"or":[65,73,151,243,249,288],"coupled":[66],"schema":[67],"changes":[68],"in":[69,95,161,171,189,197],"either":[70],"local":[72],"cumulative":[74],"delta;":[75],"unresolved":[76],"cases":[77],"remain":[78],"pending":[79],"human":[80],"reapproval.":[81],"With":[82],"official":[83],"MCP":[84],"Python":[85],"SDK":[86,103],"clients,":[87],"this":[88],"gate":[89],"withheld":[90],"original":[92],"compound":[93],"counterexample":[94],"simultaneous":[96],"sequential":[98],"forms":[99],"four-case":[102],"outcome":[104],"matrix":[105],"(one":[106],"reusing":[107],"paired":[109],"field":[110],"pattern":[111],"three":[113,118],"testing":[114],"different":[115],"mutation":[116],"types);":[117],"benign":[119],"controls":[120],"also":[121],"incurred":[122],"review.":[123],"On":[124],"20":[125,185],"natural":[126,148,250],"N2":[127],"transitions":[129,188],"(43":[130],"changed":[131],"paths,":[132],"14":[133,141],"maintainer":[134],"clusters),":[135],"reproducible":[137],"structural":[138],"replay":[139],"routed":[140],"whole":[144],"assessment,":[145],"without":[146,237],"establishing":[147],"interaction":[149],"severity":[150],"unnecessary":[152],"review":[153],"rates.":[154],"Independent":[155],"expert":[156,247],"agreement":[157,259],"was":[158],"28/34":[159],"paths":[160,195],"frozen":[163],"held-out":[164],"study":[165],"(weighted":[166],"\u03ba":[167],"=":[168,178,223,226,229,232,235],"0.720),":[169],"18/21":[170],"separate":[173,253],"pilot,":[174],"37/48":[176],"(\u03ba":[177],"0.710":[179],"on":[180],"47":[181],"ordinal":[182],"pairs)":[183],"across":[184,200],"selected":[186,254],"N3":[187],"eight":[190],"repositories;":[191],"assigned":[193],"L3":[194,231],"occurred":[196],"11":[198],"clusters":[199],"five":[201],"repositories,":[202],"ten":[204],"subsequently":[205],"documented":[206,213],"casewise":[207],"panel":[208],"agreements":[209],"one":[211],"separately":[212],"DEFERRED":[214],"case;":[215],"author-submitted":[217],"post-review":[218],"tally":[219],"classifies":[220],"47/48":[221],"(L0":[222],"3,":[224],"L1":[225],"5,":[227],"L2":[228],"19,":[230],"20,":[233],"L4":[234],"0)":[236],"assigning":[238],"level":[240],"N3K0023":[242],"claiming":[244],"independently":[245],"authenticated":[246],"sign-offs":[248],"L4.":[251],"A":[252],"Study":[255],"B":[256],"yielded":[257],"10/10":[258],"distinguishing":[260],"six":[261],"adapted":[262],"R4/L4":[263],"poisoning":[264],"stimuli":[265],"from":[266],"four":[267],"disclosed":[268],"R3/L3":[269],"controls.":[270],"These":[271],"controlled":[272],"assessments":[273],"enforcement":[275],"tests":[276],"do":[277],"not":[278],"establish":[279],"autonomous":[280],"semantic":[281],"risk":[282],"detection,":[283],"reduced":[284],"production":[285],"reapproval":[286],"burden,":[287],"prevented":[289],"harm.":[290],"ETDI":[291],"Microsoft":[293],"contrasts":[294],"are":[295],"comparisons":[296],"policy":[298],"design":[299],"only.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}