{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225626670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","title":"APCGNet: An All-Pair Correction Graph Network for Ship-Type Recognition with Seabed-Buried Receivers Under Environmental Noise Mismatch","display_name":"APCGNet: An All-Pair Correction Graph Network for Ship-Type Recognition with Seabed-Buried Receivers Under Environmental Noise Mismatch","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225626670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108313432","display_name":"Kang Lu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044103320","display_name":"Xiaomin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9303-0556","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9303-0556","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2751-4350"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100388155","display_name":"Yi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-4649","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-4649"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101690114","display_name":"Yuanyuan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8312-3764","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8312-3764"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanyuan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044103320"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"21","first_page":"2128","last_page":"2128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11698","display_name":"Underwater Acoustics Research","score":0.9663000106811523,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-sensors","display_name":"underwater acoustic sensors","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-neural-networks","display_name":"graph neural networks","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-time-fourier-transform","display_name":"short-time Fourier transform","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual-fusion","display_name":"residual fusion","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-augmentation","display_name":"feature augmentation","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sediment-attenuation","display_name":"sediment attenuation","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-size-variation","display_name":"grain size variation","score":0.5130000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidence-angle","display_name":"angle of incidence","score":0.718999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.6358000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.5717999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5598000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5343000292778015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.5005000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86781634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2478325","display_name":"Environmental noise","level":3,"score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.44600000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.4189000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205312793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16002801","display_name":"Ambient noise level","level":3,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100675267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371624","display_name":"Background noise","level":2,"score":0.40540000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.40389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.4032999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.38839998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986577269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11306265","display_name":"Random noise","level":2,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984485829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100766421","display_name":"Noise level","level":3,"score":0.267300009727478}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/jmse14212128","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14212128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2736865057","display_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","issn_l":"2077-1312","issn":["2077-1312"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297533961","https://openalex.org/W4402198413","https://openalex.org/W7221196575","https://openalex.org/W4415931165","https://openalex.org/W3167060712","https://openalex.org/W4367280195","https://openalex.org/W3196074545","https://openalex.org/W4400679115","https://openalex.org/W7213446361","https://openalex.org/W7162638655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"type":[1],"and":[2,11,28,47,86,106,166],"intensity":[3],"of":[4,97,117],"ocean":[5],"background":[6],"noise":[7,18,43,60,157],"vary":[8],"with":[9],"time":[10],"location.":[12],"Deployed":[13],"sensors":[14],"therefore":[15],"often":[16],"encounter":[17],"conditions":[19],"that":[20],"differ":[21],"from":[22,175],"those":[23],"represented":[24],"in":[25,39,152],"the":[26,40,75,95,103,144,149,172],"training":[27,104],"validation":[29],"data":[30],"for":[31],"ship-type":[32],"recognition.":[33],"When":[34],"a":[35,130,139],"sensor":[36],"is":[37],"buried":[38],"seabed,":[41],"ship-radiated":[42],"undergoes":[44],"frequency-selective":[45],"attenuation":[46],"phase":[48],"distortion":[49],"as":[50],"it":[51],"propagates":[52],"through":[53,138],"sediment,":[54],"further":[55],"complicating":[56],"recognition":[57],"under":[58],"this":[59,67],"mismatch.":[61,168],"We":[62],"propose":[63],"APCGNet":[64,142],"to":[65,122,177],"address":[66],"problem.":[68],"An":[69],"iterative":[70],"short-time":[71],"Fourier":[72],"transform":[73],"produces":[74],"initial":[76],"classification":[77],"representation.":[78],"Modulation":[79],"evidence":[80],"drives":[81],"an":[82],"all-pair":[83],"correction":[84],"graph,":[85],"bounded":[87],"residual":[88],"fusion":[89],"adjusts":[90],"class":[91],"scores":[92],"while":[93],"limiting":[94],"magnitude":[96],"each":[98],"correction.":[99],"Feature":[100],"augmentation":[101],"diversifies":[102],"inputs,":[105],"four-model":[107],"voting":[108,127],"combines":[109],"member":[110],"predictions":[111],"at":[112],"inference.":[113],"Three":[114],"independent":[115],"sets":[116],"random":[118],"seeds":[119],"were":[120],"used":[121],"train":[123],"three":[124,150],"complete":[125],"four-member":[126],"systems.":[128],"On":[129],"test":[131],"set":[132],"generated":[133],"by":[134],"propagating":[135],"DeepShip":[136],"recordings":[137],"seabed-burial":[140],"model,":[141],"achieved":[143],"highest":[145],"mean":[146],"accuracy":[147],"over":[148,171],"runs":[151],"all":[153],"five":[154],"experiments:":[155],"baseline":[156],"mismatch,":[158],"burial-depth":[159],"variation,":[160,162],"incidence-angle":[161],"unseen":[163],"grain":[164],"sizes,":[165],"joint":[167],"Its":[169],"advantage":[170],"runner-up":[173],"ranged":[174],"0.98":[176],"2.10":[178],"percentage":[179],"points":[180],"across":[181],"these":[182],"experiments.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}