{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225626529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","title":"From the bench to the bedside: mesenchymal stromal cells as immunoregulatory and regenerative therapies","display_name":"From the bench to the bedside: mesenchymal stromal cells as immunoregulatory and regenerative therapies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225626529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596924766","display_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","issn_l":"2296-634X","issn":["2296-634X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161113464","display_name":"Xiaoxia Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxia Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","Medical Affairs Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Affairs Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058150411","display_name":"Dan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-5821","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9303-5821"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102608200","display_name":"Dongxue Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongxue Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Operation Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Operation Room, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113475850","display_name":"Yi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7983-8787","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7983-8787"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161343266","display_name":"Xiaofang Yin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofang Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102753068","display_name":"Hai Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6336-5791","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6336-5791","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2652-7153"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hai Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102753068"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10176","display_name":"Mesenchymal stem cell research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10176","display_name":"Mesenchymal stem cell research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11570","display_name":"Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3506","display_name":"Periodontics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10345","display_name":"Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesenchymal-stem-cells","display_name":"mesenchymal stem cells","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunomodulation","display_name":"immunomodulation","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-medicine","display_name":"regenerative medicine","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graft-versus-host-disease","display_name":"graft-versus-host disease","score":0.8970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmune-disease","display_name":"autoimmune disease","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paracrine-signaling","display_name":"paracrine signaling","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extracellular-vesicles","display_name":"extracellular vesicles","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purinergic-signaling","display_name":"purinergic signaling","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musculoskeletal-disorders","display_name":"musculoskeletal disorders","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-disorders","display_name":"neurological disorders","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translational-barriers","display_name":"translational barriers","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/donor-variability","display_name":"donor variability","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-medicine","display_name":"precision medicine","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198826908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1922379","display_name":"Mesenchymal stem cell","level":2,"score":0.7878000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7876069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14873666","display_name":"Paracrine signalling","level":3,"score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10854531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061415","display_name":"Regenerative medicine","level":3,"score":0.6837999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20518536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6840469","display_name":"Microvesicles","level":4,"score":0.5623999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16930146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4381253","display_name":"Stromal cell","level":2,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5428000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162264550","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17112037","display_name":"Translational medicine","level":2,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020000666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17112037","display_name":"Bench to bedside","level":2,"score":0.4991999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.45320001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128544194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474859","display_name":"Translational research","level":2,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781261824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903634","display_name":"Exosome","level":5,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10882517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15268054","display_name":"Cell therapy","level":3,"score":0.3635999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28328180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196","display_name":"Stem cell","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992929900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21097485","display_name":"Extracellular vesicles","level":2,"score":0.3037000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145059251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310899","display_name":"microRNA","level":3,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96526673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4867047","display_name":"Basic science","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019692148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Therapeutic modalities","level":2,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189014844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189118","display_name":"Cell type","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991719091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48196","display_name":"Stem cell biology","level":5,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49892992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540285","display_name":"Tissue engineering","level":2,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018449070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signalling pathways","level":3,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986762682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q964754","display_name":"Basic research","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171056886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119","display_name":"Regeneration (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148738053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210861","display_name":"Cellular differentiation","level":3,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15083742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261659","display_name":"Nanomedicine","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020606620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179661","display_name":"Treatment modality","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152662350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815297","display_name":"Systems biology","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144501496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5533489","display_name":"Genome editing","level":4,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596924766","display_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","issn_l":"2296-634X","issn":["2296-634X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cell-and-developmental-biology/articles/10.3389/fcell.2026.1982125/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596924766","display_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","issn_l":"2296-634X","issn":["2296-634X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334012","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Plan of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225626529.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225626529.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":182,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550049909","https://openalex.org/W1660392447","https://openalex.org/W1968036920","https://openalex.org/W1969095342","https://openalex.org/W1970600368","https://openalex.org/W1970974588","https://openalex.org/W1974307108","https://openalex.org/W1978549824","https://openalex.org/W1981814533","https://openalex.org/W2005008021","https://openalex.org/W2021482268","https://openalex.org/W2025371271","https://openalex.org/W2035904396","https://openalex.org/W2038799368","https://openalex.org/W2040782956","https://openalex.org/W2050025115","https://openalex.org/W2088934065","https://openalex.org/W2094024512","https://openalex.org/W2094131843","https://openalex.org/W2099629767","https://openalex.org/W2122295252","https://openalex.org/W2143256071","https://openalex.org/W2171820242","https://openalex.org/W2612854279","https://openalex.org/W2646711554","https://openalex.org/W2766851394","https://openalex.org/W2807572737","https://openalex.org/W2808076717","https://openalex.org/W2894172877","https://openalex.org/W2942732217","https://openalex.org/W2947958995","https://openalex.org/W2989121398","https://openalex.org/W2995786731","https://openalex.org/W3010146126","https://openalex.org/W3013540420","https://openalex.org/W3033632160","https://openalex.org/W3088704361","https://openalex.org/W3133897636","https://openalex.org/W3136163273","https://openalex.org/W3184368135","https://openalex.org/W3195351480","https://openalex.org/W3197912832","https://openalex.org/W3199743437","https://openalex.org/W3201584022","https://openalex.org/W3201601156","https://openalex.org/W3204062891","https://openalex.org/W3206933868","https://openalex.org/W3210493238","https://openalex.org/W4206539703","https://openalex.org/W4210641773","https://openalex.org/W4220764644","https://openalex.org/W4226272277","https://openalex.org/W4281644643","https://openalex.org/W4281750571","https://openalex.org/W4288068099","https://openalex.org/W4289962915","https://openalex.org/W4289979044","https://openalex.org/W4290615615","https://openalex.org/W4292330637","https://openalex.org/W4311053319","https://openalex.org/W4313312366","https://openalex.org/W4324046116","https://openalex.org/W4384925014","https://openalex.org/W4385458751","https://openalex.org/W4385683751","https://openalex.org/W4385778841","https://openalex.org/W4385903695","https://openalex.org/W4386984279","https://openalex.org/W4387599802","https://openalex.org/W4388220380","https://openalex.org/W4388340984","https://openalex.org/W4388464826","https://openalex.org/W4388598801","https://openalex.org/W4389751228","https://openalex.org/W4390665988","https://openalex.org/W4391063502","https://openalex.org/W4391064495","https://openalex.org/W4391288732","https://openalex.org/W4391756050","https://openalex.org/W4391914355","https://openalex.org/W4392187736","https://openalex.org/W4392519387","https://openalex.org/W4393101071","https://openalex.org/W4393199740","https://openalex.org/W4394581121","https://openalex.org/W4394790659","https://openalex.org/W4396576965","https://openalex.org/W4396763537","https://openalex.org/W4396833004","https://openalex.org/W4396835249","https://openalex.org/W4396929267","https://openalex.org/W4397001604","https://openalex.org/W4398156124","https://openalex.org/W4398783096","https://openalex.org/W4399434503","https://openalex.org/W4399461451","https://openalex.org/W4401360158","https://openalex.org/W4401477803","https://openalex.org/W4401793533","https://openalex.org/W4402193059","https://openalex.org/W4402638916","https://openalex.org/W4402658317","https://openalex.org/W4402808101","https://openalex.org/W4402846737","https://openalex.org/W4402925625","https://openalex.org/W4403257843","https://openalex.org/W4403346764","https://openalex.org/W4403679949","https://openalex.org/W4403714383","https://openalex.org/W4404021837","https://openalex.org/W4404182495","https://openalex.org/W4404196979","https://openalex.org/W4404199002","https://openalex.org/W4404424589","https://openalex.org/W4404441264","https://openalex.org/W4404918944","https://openalex.org/W4405516479","https://openalex.org/W4405749808","https://openalex.org/W4405847856","https://openalex.org/W4405962780","https://openalex.org/W4406580050","https://openalex.org/W4408499913","https://openalex.org/W4408836047","https://openalex.org/W4408877315","https://openalex.org/W4409559358","https://openalex.org/W4409981673","https://openalex.org/W4410125044","https://openalex.org/W4410336063","https://openalex.org/W4410483161","https://openalex.org/W4410866987","https://openalex.org/W4411302254","https://openalex.org/W4411317454","https://openalex.org/W4411384094","https://openalex.org/W4411846077","https://openalex.org/W4411961130","https://openalex.org/W4412176428","https://openalex.org/W4412392041","https://openalex.org/W4412399933","https://openalex.org/W4412526962","https://openalex.org/W4412701580","https://openalex.org/W4413197826","https://openalex.org/W4413255721","https://openalex.org/W4413425887","https://openalex.org/W4413802112","https://openalex.org/W4414444097","https://openalex.org/W4414530727","https://openalex.org/W4414609393","https://openalex.org/W4415146859","https://openalex.org/W4415489172","https://openalex.org/W4415715906","https://openalex.org/W4415728624","https://openalex.org/W4415760414","https://openalex.org/W4415854891","https://openalex.org/W4415892451","https://openalex.org/W4416334833","https://openalex.org/W4416945229","https://openalex.org/W4417022324","https://openalex.org/W4417423783","https://openalex.org/W4417489167","https://openalex.org/W4417514876","https://openalex.org/W7117241281","https://openalex.org/W7117515170","https://openalex.org/W7125241123","https://openalex.org/W7127591916","https://openalex.org/W7128355340","https://openalex.org/W7133229311","https://openalex.org/W7139973339","https://openalex.org/W7144042918","https://openalex.org/W7154953550","https://openalex.org/W7155446670","https://openalex.org/W7155693447","https://openalex.org/W7160381846","https://openalex.org/W7161692805","https://openalex.org/W7162258187","https://openalex.org/W7163046858","https://openalex.org/W7164326485","https://openalex.org/W7164520242","https://openalex.org/W7164989913","https://openalex.org/W7165154654","https://openalex.org/W7168140357","https://openalex.org/W7172445280","https://openalex.org/W7197029358"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7211937610","https://openalex.org/W3047744932","https://openalex.org/W7213555298","https://openalex.org/W7124462622","https://openalex.org/W4412760870","https://openalex.org/W2335148478","https://openalex.org/W4413946856","https://openalex.org/W7117355335","https://openalex.org/W2405091380","https://openalex.org/W7127387388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Mesenchymal":[1],"stromal":[2],"cells":[3],"(MSCs)":[4],"have":[5,44],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,160],"one":[8],"of":[9,65,208],"the":[10,63,122,144,206],"most":[11],"extensively":[12],"studied":[13],"adult":[14],"stem":[15],"cell":[16],"populations,":[17],"celebrated":[18],"for":[19,52,235],"their":[20,93,105,130,191],"self-renewal,":[21],"multilineage":[22],"differentiation":[23],"potential,":[24],"and":[25,43,58,78,108,121,138,151,165,200,214,237],"remarkable":[26],"immunomodulatory":[27],"properties.":[28],"Originally":[29],"discovered":[30],"in":[31,40,181,198,205],"bone":[32],"marrow,":[33],"MSCs":[34,172,225],"are":[35],"now":[36],"known":[37],"to":[38,49,99],"reside":[39],"diverse":[41],"tissues":[42],"transitioned":[45],"from":[46,96,228],"experimental":[47],"therapies":[48],"clinical":[50,80,100,131,153],"applications":[51,132],"graft-versus-host":[53],"disease":[54],"(GVHD),":[55],"autoimmune":[56],"disorders,":[57,137],"regenerative":[59,238],"medicine.":[60,183,239],"However,":[61],"despite":[62],"approval":[64],"several":[66],"MSC":[67],"products,":[68],"enthusiasm":[69],"is":[70],"tempered":[71],"by":[72],"persistent":[73],"challenges,":[74],"including":[75],"biological":[76,106],"heterogeneity":[77],"inconsistent":[79],"efficacy.":[81],"Main":[82],"body":[83],"This":[84],"review":[85],"comprehensively":[86],"examines":[87],"current":[88],"knowledge":[89],"on":[90,115],"MSCs,":[91,210],"evaluating":[92],"translational":[94,157],"trajectory":[95],"preclinical":[97,149],"discovery":[98],"application.":[101],"We":[102,126],"first":[103],"examine":[104],"foundations":[107],"molecular":[109],"mechanisms,":[110],"with":[111,222],"a":[112,174],"specific":[113],"focus":[114],"paracrine":[116],"signaling,":[117],"extracellular":[118],"vesicles-mediated":[119],"effects,":[120],"purinergic":[123],"signaling":[124],"axis.":[125],"then":[127],"systematically":[128],"assess":[129],"across":[133],"immune-mediated":[134],"diseases,":[135],"musculoskeletal":[136],"neurological":[139],"conditions.":[140],"Crucially,":[141],"we":[142],"analyze":[143],"\u201cefficacy-expectation":[145],"gap\u201d":[146],"between":[147],"robust":[148],"results":[150],"variable":[152,229],"outcomes,":[154],"identifying":[155],"key":[156],"barriers":[158],"such":[159],"donor":[161],"variability,":[162],"manufacturing":[163],"standardization,":[164],"safety":[166],"concerns":[167],"regarding":[168],"tumor":[169],"progression.":[170],"Conclusion":[171],"represent":[173],"clinically":[175],"promising":[176],"yet":[177],"biologically":[178],"complex":[179],"modality":[180],"modern":[182],"While":[184],"they":[185],"offer":[186],"undeniable":[187],"therapeutic":[188],"promise,":[189],"realizing":[190],"full":[192],"potential":[193],"requires":[194],"resolving":[195],"fundamental":[196],"uncertainties":[197],"biology":[199],"standardization.":[201],"Future":[202],"directions":[203],"lie":[204],"development":[207],"engineered":[209],"cell-free":[211],"EVs":[212],"therapeutics,":[213],"omics-driven":[215],"precision":[216,236],"applications.":[217],"By":[218],"integrating":[219],"mechanistic":[220],"insights":[221],"advanced":[223],"biotechnology,":[224],"can":[226],"evolve":[227],"biologicals":[230],"into":[231],"reproducible,":[232],"programmable":[233],"agents":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}