{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225626264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","title":"Spatial and Seasonal Hydrochemical Variability and Water-Type Classification of Al-Dalmaj Marsh and Temporary Ponds in Iraq","display_name":"Spatial and Seasonal Hydrochemical Variability and Water-Type Classification of Al-Dalmaj Marsh and Temporary Ponds in Iraq","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225626264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/limnolrev26040065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179261248","display_name":"Limnological Review","issn_l":"1642-5952","issn":["1642-5952","2300-7575"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002422579","display_name":"Maysam A. Baiee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-0637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-0637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106118109","display_name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jsq2704","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126504","display_name":"University of Al-Qadisiyah","ror":"https://ror.org/02ewzwr87","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126504"]}],"countries":["HU","IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maysam Alaa Baiee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Biotechnology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq","Institute of Biology, Doctoral School of Biology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8185-0637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Biotechnology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biology, Doctoral School of Biology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000656798","display_name":"Salwan Ali Abed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7347-3843","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7347-3843"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190632392","display_name":"Lule\u00e5 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/016st3p78","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126504","display_name":"University of Al-Qadisiyah","ror":"https://ror.org/02ewzwr87","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126504"]}],"countries":["IQ","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salwan Ali Abed","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq","Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7347-3843","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology, 97187 Lule\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190632392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041778118","display_name":"Jasim Mohammed Salman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2130-7197","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2130-7197"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166455938","display_name":"University of Babylon","ror":"https://ror.org/0170edc15","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166455938"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jasim M. Salman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51001, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2130-7197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon 51001, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166455938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000171946","display_name":"Emil Boros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-1757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-1757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331168281","display_name":"Ludovika University of Public Service","ror":"https://ror.org/040yeqy86","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emil Boros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Natural Sciences, Ludovika University of Public Service, Ludovika Sqr. 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-1757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Natural Sciences, Ludovika University of Public Service, Ludovika Sqr. 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060227860","display_name":"Ilona Fekete","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-3598","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8783-3598"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290523313","display_name":"Magyar Agr\u00e1r- \u00e9s \u00c9lettudom\u00e1nyi Egyetem","ror":"https://ror.org/01394d192","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290523313"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilona Fekete","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Analysis and Technology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u00e1ter K\u00e1roly u. 1, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Analysis and Technology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, P\u00e1ter K\u00e1roly u. 1, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290523313"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002422579"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106118109","https://openalex.org/I4210126504"],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1207},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"65","last_page":"65"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":0.41190001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12773","display_name":"Water Quality and Resources Studies","score":0.41190001368522644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.3544999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.21639999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-type-classification","display_name":"water type classification","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporary-ponds","display_name":"temporary ponds","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaporative-concentration","display_name":"evaporative concentration","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mineral-saturation-index","display_name":"mineral saturation index","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-organic-carbon","display_name":"total organic carbon","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-dissolved-solids","display_name":"total dissolved solids","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/durov-diagram","display_name":"Durov diagram","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-additive-models","display_name":"generalized additive models","score":0.41200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/babylon-province","display_name":"Babylon Province","score":0.421999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129513315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179615","display_name":"Salinity","level":2,"score":0.7620999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129360787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466917","display_name":"Total dissolved solids","level":2,"score":0.6829000115394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781113784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5314","display_name":"Halite","level":3,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87441765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29925","display_name":"Salt marsh","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5117999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67268981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30198","display_name":"Marsh","level":3,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780659211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181699","display_name":"Carbonate","level":2,"score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776384668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182168","display_name":"Nitrate","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125403950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111082","display_name":"Seasonality","level":2,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197248824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395","display_name":"Seawater","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4891672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3995966","display_name":"Total suspended solids","level":4,"score":0.3767000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16704694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496805","display_name":"Saline water","level":3,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158787203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900291","display_name":"Total organic carbon","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36574619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q449096","display_name":"Dissolved organic carbon","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107888415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935277","display_name":"Salt pan","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1284942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1929501","display_name":"Water level","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189047708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165838","display_name":"Limnology","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537181965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658","display_name":"Sodium","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200447597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334104","display_name":"Supersaturation","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777397205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275792","display_name":"Saline","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537208039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627","display_name":"Nitrogen","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543218039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660","display_name":"Magnesium","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/limnolrev26040065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179261248","display_name":"Limnological Review","issn_l":"1642-5952","issn":["1642-5952","2300-7575"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/limnolrev26040065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26040065","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179261248","display_name":"Limnological Review","issn_l":"1642-5952","issn":["1642-5952","2300-7575"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","poland-40","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320322","host_organization_name":"De Gruyter Open","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320322","https://openalex.org/P4310313990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["De Gruyter Open","De Gruyter"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Limnological Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.965499997138977,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400907328","https://openalex.org/W2062603293","https://openalex.org/W2037012902","https://openalex.org/W3157177984","https://openalex.org/W1966951296","https://openalex.org/W4323250942","https://openalex.org/W2028628556","https://openalex.org/W3135061343","https://openalex.org/W3082128898","https://openalex.org/W3084791267"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inland":[0],"saline":[1,34],"waters":[2,35],"are":[3],"sensitive":[4],"to":[5,60,68,78,148,229],"seasonal":[6,15],"hydrological":[7,216],"forcing":[8],"and":[9,14,26,31,49,62,127,135,151,179,200,208,225,233,236,248],"evaporation,":[10],"yet":[11],"their":[12],"spatial":[13],"hydrochemical":[16,27],"variability":[17],"remains":[18],"insufficiently":[19],"characterized.":[20],"This":[21],"study":[22],"investigated":[23],"chemical":[24],"composition":[25],"classification":[28,124],"of":[29],"semi-static":[30],"astatic":[32],"inland":[33],"in":[36,45,53,73,91,103,121,172,190],"Iraq.":[37],"Water":[38],"samples":[39],"were":[40,183,238],"collected":[41],"from":[42,58,66,76],"six":[43],"stations":[44],"Al-Dalmaj":[46],"Marsh":[47],"(ADM)":[48],"three":[50],"temporary":[51,93],"ponds":[52,94,105],"Babylon":[54],"Province.":[55],"pH":[56],"ranged":[57,65,75],"7.0":[59],"9.7,":[61],"electrical":[63],"conductivity":[64],"5.7":[67],"471":[69],"mS":[70],"cm\u22121.":[71],"Salinity":[72],"ADM":[74,126],"4":[77],"12":[79],"practical":[80],"salinity":[81],"units":[82],"(PSU),":[83],"whereas":[84,115,153,192],"the":[85,92,104],"highest":[86],"reported":[87],"sodium-chloride-equivalent":[88],"salt":[89],"concentration":[90],"was":[95,117],"328,100":[96],"mg":[97,108],"L\u22121.":[98,109],"Total":[99],"dissolved":[100],"solids":[101],"(TDS)":[102],"reached":[106],"315,100":[107],"Sodium":[110],"dominated":[111],"pond":[112,193,221],"cation":[113],"composition,":[114],"magnesium":[116],"relatively":[118],"more":[119],"important":[120],"ADM.":[122],"Equivalent-percentage":[123],"identified":[125],"Pond":[128],"3":[129],"as":[130],"saline,":[131],"while":[132],"Ponds":[133],"1":[134],"2":[136],"showed":[137,169],"soda-saline":[138],"characteristics.":[139],"Mineral":[140],"saturation-index":[141],"(SI)":[142],"calculations":[143],"indicated":[144,214],"supersaturation":[145],"with":[146,186,240,245],"respect":[147],"calcite,":[149],"dolomite,":[150],"gypsum,":[152],"halite":[154],"remained":[155],"undersaturated":[156],"across":[157],"all":[158],"sites,":[159],"suggesting":[160,243],"mineral-specific":[161],"thermodynamic":[162],"controls":[163],"on":[164],"water":[165],"chemistry.":[166],"Seasonal":[167],"analyses":[168],"significant":[170],"changes":[171],"carbonate-related":[173,188],"variables,":[174],"total":[175],"organic":[176],"carbon":[177],"(TOC),":[178],"phosphate;":[180],"warmer":[181],"periods":[182],"generally":[184],"associated":[185,239],"higher":[187],"values":[189],"ADM,":[191],"carbonate":[194,241],"concentrations":[195],"differed":[196],"mainly":[197],"between":[198,231],"autumn":[199],"winter.":[201],"Durov":[202],"diagrams,":[203],"Gibbs":[204],"plots,":[205],"Pearson":[206],"correlations,":[207],"generalized":[209],"additive":[210],"model":[211],"(GAM)":[212],"results":[213],"that":[215],"setting,":[217],"evaporative":[218],"concentration,":[219],"Na-rich":[220],"chemistry,":[222],"chloride":[223],"salinity,":[224],"carbonate-bicarbonate":[226],"dynamics":[227],"contributed":[228],"differentiation":[230],"marshes":[232],"ponds.":[234],"TOC":[235],"nitrate":[237],"variability,":[242],"links":[244],"organic-matter":[246],"processing":[247],"nutrient":[249],"conditions":[250],"rather":[251],"than":[252],"direct":[253],"causation.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}