{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225626209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","title":"Contamination-Aware Cross-Source and Cross-Architecture Benchmarking of Explainable AI for Brain-Tumor MRI Classification","display_name":"Contamination-Aware Cross-Source and Cross-Architecture Benchmarking of Explainable AI for Brain-Tumor MRI Classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225626209","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ai7110466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200511","display_name":"AI","issn_l":"2673-2688","issn":["2673-2688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032290806","display_name":"Yousuf Nasser Al Husaini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-1641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-1641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124391630","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dqhen73","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124391630","https://openalex.org/I4210093932"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yousuf Nasser Al Husaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, P.O. Box 1596, Muscat 130, Oman"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-1641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, P.O. Box 1596, Muscat 130, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124391630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120631704","display_name":"Mohammed Abdulla Salim Al Husaini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-847X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-847X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124391630","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dqhen73","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124391630","https://openalex.org/I4210093932"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Abdulla Al Husaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, P.O. Box 1596, Muscat 130, Oman"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3568-847X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, P.O. Box 1596, Muscat 130, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124391630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029133072","display_name":"Ahmed Gawish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-7438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-7438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093932","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fp9k450","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139873","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfnky71","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093932","https://openalex.org/I4210139873"]}],"countries":["KW","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Gawish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, HQ, Ardiya, Farwaniya, P.O. Box 3322, Al-Safat 13033, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, HQ, Ardiya, Farwaniya, P.O. Box 3322, Al-Safat 13033, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093932","https://openalex.org/I4210139873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101430661","display_name":"Mohammad Yasir Bin Taleb Abrar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2585-0573","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2585-0573"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124391630","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/04dqhen73","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124391630","https://openalex.org/I4210093932"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Abrar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, P.O. Box 1596, Muscat 130, Oman"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2585-0573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, P.O. Box 1596, Muscat 130, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124391630"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137702051","display_name":"Khawla Al Hassan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093932","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/00fp9k450","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093932"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139873","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfnky71","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093932","https://openalex.org/I4210139873"]}],"countries":["KW","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khawla Al Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, HQ, Ardiya, Farwaniya, P.O. Box 3322, Al-Safat 13033, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, HQ, Ardiya, Farwaniya, P.O. Box 3322, Al-Safat 13033, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093932","https://openalex.org/I4210139873"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161350202","display_name":"Maya Dawood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090878","display_name":"Arab Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/00d260p98","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090878","https://openalex.org/I4210093932"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maya Dawood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, Beirut 2058 4518, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, Beirut 2058 4518, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090878"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032290806"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124391630"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1930},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"11","first_page":"466","last_page":"466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.5526999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.5526999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.43630000948905945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10129","display_name":"Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-leakage","display_name":"data leakage","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-hoc-explanation-methods","display_name":"post-hoc explanation methods","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explanation-faithfulness","display_name":"explanation fidelity","score":0.4560000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explanation-stability","display_name":"explanation stability","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-gradients","display_name":"integrated gradients","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resnet-18","display_name":"ResNet-18","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/densenet-121","display_name":"DenseNet121","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convnext-tiny","display_name":"ConvNeXt-Tiny","score":0.921999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7663000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5852000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3463999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ai7110466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200511","display_name":"AI","issn_l":"2673-2688","issn":["2673-2688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ai7110466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ai7110466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210200511","display_name":"AI","issn_l":"2673-2688","issn":["2673-2688"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W2187181723","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3047237378","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3183198896","https://openalex.org/W3202023533","https://openalex.org/W4221151810","https://openalex.org/W4223430324","https://openalex.org/W4304083970","https://openalex.org/W4306790271","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4328099899","https://openalex.org/W4366262984","https://openalex.org/W4396828329","https://openalex.org/W4399107622","https://openalex.org/W4399922062","https://openalex.org/W4400438966","https://openalex.org/W4401503494","https://openalex.org/W4405098395","https://openalex.org/W4411540839","https://openalex.org/W4413754851","https://openalex.org/W4416225738","https://openalex.org/W4416667350","https://openalex.org/W7119123644","https://openalex.org/W7127966024","https://openalex.org/W7154488315","https://openalex.org/W7163009099"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6922579866","https://openalex.org/W7166874149","https://openalex.org/W7171328878","https://openalex.org/W6939541757","https://openalex.org/W7214961683","https://openalex.org/W7196965422","https://openalex.org/W7224421956","https://openalex.org/W7220653828","https://openalex.org/W4401523862","https://openalex.org/W7160619918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain-tumor":[0],"MRI":[1,33,51],"classification":[2,34],"and":[3,16,27,35,42,90,99,113,166,170,199,208,259,279],"explainable":[4],"artificial":[5],"intelligence":[6],"(XAI)":[7],"evaluation":[8,58,225],"can":[9],"be":[10],"affected":[11],"by":[12,126],"hidden":[13],"source":[14],"overlap":[15],"architecture-dependent":[17],"explanation":[18,283],"rankings.":[19],"This":[20],"study":[21,30],"presents":[22],"a":[23,146,156,233,271],"focused":[24],"contamination-aware,":[25],"cross-source,":[26],"cross-architecture":[28],"sensitivity":[29,140],"for":[31,261],"brain-tumor":[32],"post-hoc":[36],"XAI.":[37],"Three":[38],"ImageNet-pretrained":[39],"classifiers\u2014ResNet-18,":[40],"DenseNet-121,":[41],"ConvNeXt-Tiny\u2014were":[43],"trained":[44],"exclusively":[45],"on":[46,82,119,155,244],"3064":[47],"Cheng":[48,224,240],"contrast-enhanced":[49],"T1-weighted":[50],"slices":[52],"using":[53],"three":[54],"random":[55],"seeds.":[56],"External":[57],"used":[59],"4793":[60],"BRISC":[61,70],"tumor":[62],"images.":[63],"A":[64,150],"preceding":[65],"image-level":[66],"audit":[67],"flagged":[68,93,122,134],"1070":[69],"images":[71,123,247],"as":[72],"possible":[73],"or":[74],"probable":[75],"Cheng-related":[76],"overlaps;":[77],"therefore,":[78],"performance":[79],"was":[80,136],"reported":[81],"BRISC-Full,":[83],"an":[84],"audit-retained":[85],"subset":[86],"of":[87,230,237,251,282],"3723":[88],"images,":[89,241],"the":[91,97,133,173,218,286],"1070-image":[92],"cohort.":[94],"DenseNet-121":[95,200],"provided":[96],"strongest":[98,174],"most":[100],"reproducible":[101],"cross-source":[102],"classification,":[103],"achieving":[104],"90.34":[105],"\u00b1":[106,110,115],"1.77%":[107],"accuracy,":[108],"90.25":[109],"1.79%":[111],"macro-F1,":[112],"0.9927":[114],"0.0009":[116],"macro":[117],"ROC-AUC":[118],"BRISC-Conservative.":[120],"Removing":[121],"reduced":[124],"macro-F1":[125,228],"1.05\u20131.88":[127],"percentage":[128],"points":[129],"across":[130],"architectures,":[131],"while":[132],"cohort":[135,142],"systematically":[137],"easier,":[138],"showing":[139],"to":[141],"selection":[143],"without":[144],"establishing":[145],"causal":[147],"leakage":[148],"effect.":[149],"comprehensive":[151],"15-method":[152],"XAI":[153,265],"benchmark":[154,192],"pre-specified":[157],"ResNet-18":[158,198],"showed":[159],"that":[160],"no":[161],"technique":[162],"dominated":[163],"faithfulness,":[164],"stability,":[165],"efficiency":[167],"simultaneously:":[168],"HiResCAM":[169],"LayerCAM":[171],"offered":[172],"overall":[175,242],"quality\u2013efficiency":[176],"balance,":[177],"whereas":[178],"ScoreCAM":[179],"achieved":[180],"excellent":[181],"stability":[182],"at":[183],"markedly":[184],"higher":[185],"computational":[186],"cost.":[187],"An":[188],"eight-method":[189],"common-correct":[190],"cross-model":[191],"revealed":[193],"significant":[194],"rank":[195],"agreement":[196,211,250],"between":[197],"(Spearman":[201],"\u03c1":[202],"=":[203,206],"0.731,":[204],"p":[205],"0.040)":[207],"weaker":[209],"estimated":[210],"involving":[212,263],"ConvNeXt-Tiny,":[213],"where":[214],"Integrated":[215],"Gradients":[216],"became":[217],"leading":[219],"method.":[220],"Additional":[221],"five-fold":[222],"patient-separated":[223,272],"yielded":[226],"mean":[227],"values":[229],"0.913\u20130.936.":[231],"In":[232],"distinct":[234],"12-method":[235],"panel":[236],"300":[238],"held-out":[239],"rankings":[243],"298":[245],"complete":[246],"gave":[248],"ResNet\u2013DenseNet":[249],"0.965":[252],"(95%":[253],"CI":[254],"0.867\u20130.970),":[255],"compared":[256],"with":[257],"0.098":[258],"0.147":[260],"pairs":[262],"ConvNeXt.":[264],"features":[266],"did":[267],"not":[268],"consistently":[269],"improve":[270],"error-referral":[273],"task.":[274],"These":[275],"results":[276],"support":[277],"architecture-":[278],"protocol-specific":[280],"interpretation":[281],"reliability":[284],"within":[285],"tested":[287],"datasets.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
