{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225626193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","title":"Ancestral and contemporary genetic diversification of Toll-like receptor 2 in sympatric mustelid species from central Europe","display_name":"Ancestral and contemporary genetic diversification of Toll-like receptor 2 in sympatric mustelid species from central Europe","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225626193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-79732-3_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-79732-3_reference.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095888188","display_name":"Ghada Tissaoui","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54316950","display_name":"University of Jendouba","ror":"https://ror.org/000g0zm60","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54316950"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghada Tissaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of B\u00e9ja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of B\u00e9ja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54316950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063820255","display_name":"Franz Suchentrunk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9862-5591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9862-5591"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150540706","display_name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6qp003","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150540706"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Suchentrunk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria","Wildlife Research Vienna & Bredasdorp, Bredasdorp, 7280, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150540706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wildlife Research Vienna & Bredasdorp, Bredasdorp, 7280, South Africa","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062457248","display_name":"Asma Awadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6294-9409","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6294-9409"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54316950","display_name":"University of Jendouba","ror":"https://ror.org/000g0zm60","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54316950"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Awadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of B\u00e9ja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of B\u00e9ja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54316950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128579949","display_name":"Steve Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150540706","display_name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna","ror":"https://ror.org/01w6qp003","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150540706"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160, Vienna, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150540706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109261903","display_name":"Antje Weber","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antje Weber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Landesamt F\u00fcr Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Dez. 44 WZI, Lindenstra\u00dfe 18, 39606, Iden, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Landesamt F\u00fcr Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Dez. 44 WZI, Lindenstra\u00dfe 18, 39606, Iden, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001441063","display_name":"Zelalem G. Tolesa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6936-4238","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6936-4238","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-3126"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4537092","display_name":"Addis Ababa University","ror":"https://ror.org/038b8e254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zelalem GebreMariam Tolesa","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Microbial Sciences and Genetics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Microbial Sciences and Genetics, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011722095","display_name":"Hichem Ben Slimen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-9028","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-9028"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54316950","display_name":"University of Jendouba","ror":"https://ror.org/000g0zm60","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54316950"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hichem Ben Slimen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of B\u00e9ja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of B\u00e9ja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54316950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001441063","https://openalex.org/A5011722095"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4537092","https://openalex.org/I54316950"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2690},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.6880000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.19269999861717224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10371","display_name":"Immune Response and Inflammation","score":0.10159999877214432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tlr2","display_name":"TLR2","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leucine-rich-repeats","display_name":"leucine-rich repeats","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mustelidae","display_name":"Mustelidae","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polecat","display_name":"polecat","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-polecat","display_name":"European polecat","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marte","display_name":"Martes","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sympatric-species","display_name":"sympatric species","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybridization","display_name":"hybridization","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ancestral-polymorphism","display_name":"ancestral polymorphism","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positive-selection","display_name":"positive selection","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/purifying-selection","display_name":"purifying selection","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterozygosity","display_name":"heterozygosity","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-divergence","display_name":"population divergence","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immunity","display_name":"innate immunity","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogen-mediated-selection","display_name":"pathogen-mediated selection","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-europe","display_name":"Central Europe","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8378999829292297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53889494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1240247","display_name":"Sympatric speciation","level":2,"score":0.7225000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.6097000241279602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180754005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80726","display_name":"Allele","level":3,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149737253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3240252","display_name":"Polymorphism (computer science)","level":4,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908728990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26582","display_name":"Mustela putorius","level":2,"score":0.36070001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776442470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25437","display_name":"Mustelidae","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81977670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585259","display_name":"Genetic diversity","level":3,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31467283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912147","display_name":"Genotyping","level":4,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37463918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387981","display_name":"Allele frequency","level":4,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172777353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374271","display_name":"Genetic variability","level":4,"score":0.25850000977516174}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-79732-3_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-79732-3","pdf_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-79732-3_reference.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S196734849","display_name":"Scientific Reports","issn_l":"2045-2322","issn":["2045-2322"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225626193.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225626193.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403943280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014836953","https://openalex.org/W2056563077","https://openalex.org/W2033159635","https://openalex.org/W6892200513","https://openalex.org/W1899887246","https://openalex.org/W2284796192","https://openalex.org/W3118771776","https://openalex.org/W2119530947","https://openalex.org/W2806690444","https://openalex.org/W3101337944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"leucine-rich":[1],"repeat":[2],"(LRR)":[3],"domain":[4,43,201],"of":[5,9,36,40,73,141,207],"Toll-like":[6],"receptors":[7],"(TLR)":[8],"the":[10,41,59,97,196,199],"animal":[11],"innate":[12],"immune":[13],"system":[14],"recognises":[15],"specific":[16],"pathogen":[17],"associated":[18],"molecular":[19],"patterns":[20],"(PAMPs).":[21],"It":[22],"often":[23],"exhibits":[24],"elevated":[25],"polymorphism":[26,83,184],"driven":[27],"by":[28,85,132,187],"diversifying":[29,210],"selection.":[30,86,143,189],"We":[31,53],"investigated":[32],"variability":[33],"and":[34,66,80,93,172,175,209],"evolution":[35],"a":[37,178,204],"465bp":[38],"fragment":[39],"TLR2-LRR":[42,200],"in":[44,50,58,151,163],"six":[45],"Mustelid":[46],"species":[47],"occurring":[48],"sympatrically":[49],"eastern":[51],"Austria.":[52],"specifically":[54],"hypothesised":[55],"higher":[56],"diversity":[57],"occasionally":[60],"hybridising":[61],"polecats,":[62,68],"Mustela":[63,174],"putorius":[64],",":[65,71,177],"steppe":[67,94],"M.":[69],"eversmannii":[70],"because":[72],"their":[74,103],"potentially":[75,153,185],"larger":[76],"effective":[77],"population":[78],"size":[79],"possible":[81],"trans-species":[82],"maintained":[84,186],"However,":[87],"among":[88],"our":[89,191],"studied":[90,115,197],"species,":[91,198],"polecats":[92,95],"exhibited":[96],"lowest":[98],"allelic":[99],"diversity,":[100],"possibly":[101],"reflecting":[102],"recent":[104],"divergence.":[105],"Observed":[106],"heterozygosities":[107,112],"were":[108,121,169],"lower":[109],"than":[110],"expected":[111],"across":[113],"all":[114],"species.":[116],"Overall,":[117,190],"five":[118],"codon":[119,129],"positions":[120],"identified":[122],"as":[123],"candidates":[124],"for":[125,155,195],"positive":[126],"selection,":[127,211],"with":[128,181,213],"149":[130],"supported":[131],"four":[133],"independent":[134],"methods,":[135],"while":[136],"two":[137],"codons":[138],"showed":[139],"evidence":[140],"purifying":[142,208],"Structural":[144],"modelling":[145],"localized":[146],"candidate":[147],"positively":[148],"selected":[149],"sites":[150],"regions":[152],"relevant":[154],"function,":[156],"including":[157],"residues":[158],"predicted":[159],"to":[160],"be":[161],"involved":[162],"TLR1\u2013TLR2":[164],"dimerization.":[165],"Notably,":[166],"several":[167],"alleles":[168],"shared":[170],"within":[171],"between":[173],"Martes":[176],"pattern":[179],"consistent":[180],"long-term":[182],"ancestral":[183],"pathogen-mediated":[188],"results":[192],"suggest":[193],"that,":[194],"evolves":[202],"under":[203],"dynamic":[205],"interplay":[206],"together":[212],"demographic":[214],"processes.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}