{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225625175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","title":"Classification of Cloud Species and Varieties in Ground-Based Images Using Artificial Neural Networks","display_name":"Classification of Cloud Species and Varieties in Ground-Based Images Using Artificial Neural Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225625175","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","pdf_url":"https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1551/egusphere-2026-1551.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EGUsphere","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1551/egusphere-2026-1551.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107717943","display_name":"Szymon Kope\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1409-6319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1409-6319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139920","display_name":"Institute of Meteorology and Water Management","ror":"https://ror.org/0406s2v03","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139920"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Szymon Kope\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Meteorology and Water Management \u2013 National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Meteorology and Water Management \u2013 National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042972700","display_name":"Grzegorz Duniec","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139920","display_name":"Institute of Meteorology and Water Management","ror":"https://ror.org/0406s2v03","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139920"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grzegorz Duniec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Meteorology and Water Management \u2013 National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Meteorology and Water Management \u2013 National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024094977","display_name":"Bogdan Bochenek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-7589","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-7589"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139920","display_name":"Institute of Meteorology and Water Management","ror":"https://ror.org/0406s2v03","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139920"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Bochenek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (Warsaw, Poland)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7096-7589","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (Warsaw, Poland)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024094977"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9872999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-image-classification","display_name":"cloud image classification","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vision-transformer","display_name":"vision transformer","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-classification","display_name":"hierarchical classification","score":0.9120000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6858000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.632099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5985000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5777000188827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206887242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830457","display_name":"Cloud cover","level":3,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","pdf_url":"https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1551/egusphere-2026-1551.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EGUsphere","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1551","pdf_url":"https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-1551/egusphere-2026-1551.pdf","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"EGUsphere","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225625175.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225625175.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981121910","https://openalex.org/W2064943738","https://openalex.org/W2092316670","https://openalex.org/W2103111834","https://openalex.org/W2165698076","https://openalex.org/W2993466051","https://openalex.org/W2994088087","https://openalex.org/W4235782039","https://openalex.org/W4292691751","https://openalex.org/W4362472624","https://openalex.org/W4388285349","https://openalex.org/W4390572004","https://openalex.org/W4391680512","https://openalex.org/W4398242786","https://openalex.org/W4403086825","https://openalex.org/W4403778857","https://openalex.org/W4410020500","https://openalex.org/W7147623378"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403086825","https://openalex.org/W3011615629","https://openalex.org/W2887626628","https://openalex.org/W3050701797","https://openalex.org/W6989939838","https://openalex.org/W4285335091","https://openalex.org/W3129962007","https://openalex.org/W1569576470","https://openalex.org/W2078009252","https://openalex.org/W4318706773"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"Accurate":[1],"classification":[2,105,185],"of":[3,63],"cloud":[4,49,174],"species":[5,35,64,104,175],"and":[6,13,36,65,96,176,178],"varieties":[7,38],"is":[8],"essential":[9],"for":[10,134,151,189],"meteorological":[11,193],"observation":[12],"climate":[14],"research,":[15],"yet":[16],"automated":[17],"systems":[18],"utilizing":[19,119],"artificial":[20,70],"neural":[21,71,168],"networks":[22],"to":[23,57,112],"address":[24,58],"the":[25,59,86],"full":[26],"World":[27],"Meteorological":[28],"Organization":[29],"(WMO)":[30],"taxonomy":[31],"\u2013":[32,39,122,127],"including":[33],"14":[34],"9":[37],"remain":[40],"largely":[41],"unexplored.":[42],"Building":[43],"upon":[44],"our":[45,124],"previous":[46],"work":[47],"on":[48,75],"genera":[50],"classification,":[51],"this":[52],"study":[53],"extends":[54],"that":[55,167,179],"foundation":[56],"finer":[60],"taxonomic":[61],"levels":[62],"varieties.":[66],"We":[67],"present":[68],"an":[69,158],"network-based":[72],"framework":[73],"evaluated":[74],"ground-based":[76],"images":[77],"collected":[78],"across":[79],"Poland":[80],"by":[81],"over":[82],"50":[83],"experts":[84],"from":[85,110],"PSHM":[87],"IMGW-PIB":[88],"network":[89,169],"(2021\u20132026).":[90],"Both":[91],"Convolutional":[92],"Neural":[93],"Networks":[94],"(CNNs)":[95],"Vision":[97],"Transformer":[98],"(ViT)":[99],"architectures":[100,170],"were":[101],"evaluated.":[102],"Multi-class":[103],"achieved":[106],"F1":[107],"scores":[108],"ranging":[109],"49%":[111],"79%.":[113],"Notably,":[114],"applying":[115],"a":[116,140],"hierarchical":[117],"approach":[118],"genera-specific":[120],"models":[121,148],"leveraging":[123],"earlier":[125],"findings":[126,165],"yielded":[128],"improvements":[129],"exceeding":[130],"19":[131],"percentage":[132],"points":[133],"certain":[135],"species.":[136],"Classification":[137],"accuracy":[138],"followed":[139],"logarithmic":[141],"trend":[142],"with":[143,160],"dataset":[144],"size,":[145],"where":[146],"Transformer-based":[147],"outperformed":[149],"CNNs":[150,156],"larger":[152],"training":[153],"datasets,":[154],"while":[155],"exhibited":[157],"advantage":[159],"smaller":[161],"sample":[162],"sizes.":[163],"These":[164],"demonstrate":[166],"can":[171],"effectively":[172],"classify":[173],"varieties,":[177],"genera-level":[180],"model":[181],"stratification":[182],"significantly":[183],"enhances":[184],"capability,":[186],"suggesting":[187],"potential":[188],"integration":[190],"into":[191],"operational":[192],"workflows.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}