{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225625173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","title":"Tree cavities as attractors: an experimental test of the effects of woodpecker legacy on local bird activity and species richness","display_name":"Tree cavities as attractors: an experimental test of the effects of woodpecker legacy on local bird activity and species richness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225625173","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.05.764588.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.05.764588.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004631181","display_name":"Alicja Wolska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4209-2877","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4209-2877"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicja Wolska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161333011","display_name":"Marcin Trybala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Trybala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048324444","display_name":"Micha\u0142 Ciach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-9747","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-9747"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michal Ciach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-9747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Biodiversity, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048324444"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.6967999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12713","display_name":"Forest Ecology and Biodiversity Studies","score":0.6967999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1109","display_name":"Insect Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10089","display_name":"Avian ecology and behavior","score":0.29420000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-hollows","display_name":"tree cavities","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cavity-nesting-birds","display_name":"cavity-nesting birds","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bird-activity","display_name":"bird activity","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-richness","display_name":"species richness","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat-heterogeneity","display_name":"habitat heterogeneity","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy-closure","display_name":"canopy closure","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coniferous-forest","display_name":"coniferous forest","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-birds","display_name":"forest birds","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192158950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2909080","display_name":"Snag","level":3,"score":0.9914000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25439","display_name":"Woodpecker","level":3,"score":0.8234000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53565203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146659","display_name":"Species richness","level":2,"score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.6456999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.6370999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.4496999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77077793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336019","display_name":"Abundance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165287380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916569","display_name":"Foraging","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39807119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134228","display_name":"Tree canopy","level":3,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983469836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4421","display_name":"Forest structure","level":3,"score":0.33410000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58330081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973582","display_name":"Diameter at breast height","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147366489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q766328","display_name":"Wildlife conservation","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73935091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249329","display_name":"Forest ecology","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6350597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339495","display_name":"Altitude (triangle)","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166548495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580178","display_name":"Wildlife management","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128758860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757163","display_name":"Woody plant","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.05.764588.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","doi":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.11.05.764588","pdf_url":"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2026/11/09/2026.11.05.764588.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402567","display_name":"bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2750212522","host_organization_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2750212522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"bioRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life on land","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322650","display_name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225625173.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225625173.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511888826","https://openalex.org/W1540343968","https://openalex.org/W1577826965","https://openalex.org/W1921895910","https://openalex.org/W1973770799","https://openalex.org/W1991078112","https://openalex.org/W1995741225","https://openalex.org/W1999400107","https://openalex.org/W2002222101","https://openalex.org/W2004255371","https://openalex.org/W2007221872","https://openalex.org/W2019462146","https://openalex.org/W2023523924","https://openalex.org/W2027657768","https://openalex.org/W2033819351","https://openalex.org/W2041231984","https://openalex.org/W2055126334","https://openalex.org/W2071098135","https://openalex.org/W2140958628","https://openalex.org/W2149057033","https://openalex.org/W2159431180","https://openalex.org/W2173423877","https://openalex.org/W2175805900","https://openalex.org/W2178502024","https://openalex.org/W2186980384","https://openalex.org/W2234767856","https://openalex.org/W2316855411","https://openalex.org/W2322844073","https://openalex.org/W2470003568","https://openalex.org/W2571957352","https://openalex.org/W2740231188","https://openalex.org/W2742361349","https://openalex.org/W2792779884","https://openalex.org/W2801135921","https://openalex.org/W2883612327","https://openalex.org/W2895885290","https://openalex.org/W2901987149","https://openalex.org/W2926335840","https://openalex.org/W2943559773","https://openalex.org/W2962528127","https://openalex.org/W2970846393","https://openalex.org/W2990746743","https://openalex.org/W3035572574","https://openalex.org/W3035892126","https://openalex.org/W3040796678","https://openalex.org/W3092012859","https://openalex.org/W3094131606","https://openalex.org/W3189946179","https://openalex.org/W3193380244","https://openalex.org/W3208373983","https://openalex.org/W3214907650","https://openalex.org/W4224435162","https://openalex.org/W4386914213","https://openalex.org/W4388028654"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2803146435","https://openalex.org/W4281785005","https://openalex.org/W3136811825","https://openalex.org/W2980030245","https://openalex.org/W1564651591","https://openalex.org/W2320579817","https://openalex.org/W4411067763","https://openalex.org/W3126298274","https://openalex.org/W7167678066","https://openalex.org/W2968475189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tree":[0],"cavities,":[1],"whether":[2],"excavated":[3],"by":[4,31,162,222],"birds":[5],"or":[6],"formed":[7],"through":[8],"wood":[9],"decay,":[10],"are":[11,19],"key":[12],"structural":[13],"features":[14],"of":[15,37,43,52,66,82,88,126,208,218],"forest":[16,75,201],"ecosystems.":[17],"They":[18],"critical":[20],"resources":[21],"for":[22,200],"secondary":[23],"cavity":[24,46,67,98,105,128,142,193],"users":[25],"and":[26,35,99,109,116,137,159,184,210],"influence":[27],"breeding":[28],"bird":[29,49,70,147],"assemblages":[30],"affecting":[32],"the":[33,41,53,64,206],"occurrence":[34],"abundance":[36],"certain":[38],"species.":[39],"However,":[40],"effect":[42,65,133],"an":[44,92],"individual":[45],"on":[47,69,134],"fine-scale":[48,198,219],"activity,":[50],"independently":[51],"surrounding":[54],"habitat":[55,220],"context,":[56],"remains":[57],"poorly":[58],"understood.":[59],"Here,":[60],"we":[61],"experimentally":[62],"tested":[63],"presence":[68,108,125],"activity":[71,110],"in":[72,76,213],"a":[73,96,104,127,131,191,197],"coniferous":[74],"southern":[77],"Poland.":[78],"We":[79],"installed":[80],"pairs":[81],"standardized,":[83],"debarked":[84],"snags,":[85],"each":[86,122],"consisting":[87],"one":[89,100],"snag":[90,102],"with":[91,141,180],"artificial":[93],"entrance":[94,129],"resembling":[95],"woodpecker-excavated":[97],"control":[101,150],"without":[103],"entrance.":[106],"Bird":[107],"were":[111,160],"monitored":[112],"using":[113],"camera":[114],"traps":[115],"vegetation":[117],"structure":[118],"was":[119,178],"quantified":[120],"around":[121,176],"snag.":[123],"The":[124],"had":[130],"positive":[132],"visitation":[135,182],"rates":[136,183],"species":[138,165,185],"richness.":[139,186],"Snags":[140],"entrances":[143],"received":[144],"114%":[145],"more":[146,164],"visits":[148],"than":[149],"snags":[151,177],"(4.5":[152],"[95%":[153],"CI:":[154],"3.1-6.5]":[155],"vs":[156,168],"2.1":[157],"[1.4-3.2])":[158],"visited":[161],"48%":[163],"(2.0":[166],"[1.5-2.6]":[167],"1.3":[169],"[0.9-1.9]).":[170],"In":[171],"addition,":[172],"greater":[173],"canopy":[174],"closure":[175],"associated":[179],"higher":[181],"Our":[187],"study":[188],"demonstrates":[189],"that":[190],"single":[192],"can":[194],"act":[195],"as":[196],"attractor":[199],"birds.":[202,223],"These":[203],"findings":[204],"highlight":[205],"role":[207],"cavities":[209],"cavity-bearing":[211],"trees":[212],"shaping":[214],"spatially":[215],"heterogeneous":[216],"patterns":[217],"use":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}