{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225624512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01617346261498895","title":"Ultrasonic Characterization of the Layered Structure of Human Scalp","display_name":"Ultrasonic Characterization of the Layered Structure of Human Scalp","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225624512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01617346261498895","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43000990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/01617346261498895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01617346261498895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01617346261498895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202027287","display_name":"Ultrasonic Imaging","issn_l":"0161-7346","issn":["0161-7346","1096-0910"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000531875","display_name":"Ann M. Viano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9771-9668","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9771-9668"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117979880","display_name":"Rhodes College","ror":"https://ror.org/049xfwy04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ann M. Viano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9771-9668","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119173582","display_name":"Catherine N. Prabish","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117979880","display_name":"Rhodes College","ror":"https://ror.org/049xfwy04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine N. Prabish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037570232","display_name":"Blake C. Lawler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117979880","display_name":"Rhodes College","ror":"https://ror.org/049xfwy04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Blake C. Lawler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161335793","display_name":"Thomas H. Conroy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117979880","display_name":"Rhodes College","ror":"https://ror.org/049xfwy04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas H. Conroy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135921915","display_name":"Brayden S. Pallera","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117979880","display_name":"Rhodes College","ror":"https://ror.org/049xfwy04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brayden S. Pallera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053886604","display_name":"Cecille Pemberton Labuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1352-202X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1352-202X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I368840534","display_name":"University of Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/02teq1165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I368840534","https://openalex.org/I4210141039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cecille Labuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy/National Center for Physical Acoustics, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy/National Center for Physical Acoustics, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I368840534"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023165247","display_name":"Brent K. Hoffmeister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-6436","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-6436"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117979880","display_name":"Rhodes College","ror":"https://ror.org/049xfwy04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent K. Hoffmeister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-6436","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000531875"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117979880"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1617346261498895","last_page":"1617346261498895"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.7714999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.7714999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.09610000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10958","display_name":"Ultrasound and Hyperthermia Applications","score":0.07029999792575836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalp","display_name":"scalp","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound-velocity","display_name":"sound velocity","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasonic-attenuation","display_name":"ultrasonic attenuation","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter-coefficient","display_name":"backscattering coefficient","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dermal-layer","display_name":"dermal layer","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transcranial-ultrasound","display_name":"transcranial ultrasound","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-imaging","display_name":"parametric imaging","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7864000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81288441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20736125","display_name":"Ultrasonic sensor","level":2,"score":0.7343999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.595300018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778515351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9622","display_name":"Scalp","level":2,"score":0.5881999731063843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159774933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902086","display_name":"Attenuation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.5289000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56318395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215928","display_name":"Transducer","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017458007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239554","display_name":"High frequency ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776905153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13147","display_name":"Human skull","level":3,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529618451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234904","display_name":"Ultrasonography","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7054721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940572","display_name":"Center frequency","level":3,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34951282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864191","display_name":"Bioacoustics","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200351514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124003","display_name":"Speed of sound","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/01617346261498895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01617346261498895","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/01617346261498895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202027287","display_name":"Ultrasonic Imaging","issn_l":"0161-7346","issn":["0161-7346","1096-0910"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonic Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43000990","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43000990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ultrasonic imaging","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1983542831","https://openalex.org/W2011604174","https://openalex.org/W2031401784","https://openalex.org/W2045566628","https://openalex.org/W2053196856","https://openalex.org/W2063812299","https://openalex.org/W2070074955","https://openalex.org/W2070080234","https://openalex.org/W2074060723","https://openalex.org/W2079823450","https://openalex.org/W2080654386","https://openalex.org/W2090184283","https://openalex.org/W2093245095","https://openalex.org/W2145909099","https://openalex.org/W2162434940","https://openalex.org/W2324893140","https://openalex.org/W3208497373","https://openalex.org/W4200195622","https://openalex.org/W4386786798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412871136","https://openalex.org/W7160967674","https://openalex.org/W4386786798","https://openalex.org/W4312309570","https://openalex.org/W2097023418","https://openalex.org/W2134926873","https://openalex.org/W3108315388","https://openalex.org/W3109042107","https://openalex.org/W2070074955","https://openalex.org/W4410999857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Interest":[0],"in":[1,51],"transcranial":[2],"ultrasound":[3],"has":[4],"motivated":[5],"numerous":[6],"ultrasonic":[7,16,241],"studies":[8],"of":[9,18,26,37,64,67,72,94,243],"the":[10,15,19,33,38,65,96,210,217,230,240,244],"skull":[11],"and":[12,49,83,106,126,141,156,178,197,212,215,219,224,232],"brain;":[13],"however,":[14],"properties":[17,242],"scalp":[20,245],"are":[21],"relatively":[22],"unknown.":[23],"The":[24],"goal":[25],"this":[27],"study":[28],"was":[29],"to":[30,60],"ultrasonically":[31],"characterize":[32],"transmural":[34],"tissue":[35,234],"structure":[36,93],"scalp.":[39],"Sixty-four":[40],"formalin-fixed":[41],"specimens":[42],"were":[43,102,115,206,226],"prepared":[44],"from":[45],"4":[46],"human":[47],"donors":[48],"scanned":[50],"a":[52,56,91],"water":[53],"tank":[54],"with":[55],"25":[57],"MHz":[58],"transducer":[59],"create":[61],"parametric":[62],"images":[63,89],"speed":[66],"sound":[68],"(SOS),":[69],"frequency":[70],"slope":[71],"attenuation":[73,76],"(FSA),":[74],"integrated":[75,79,85],"coefficient":[77,81],"(IAC),":[78],"backscatter":[80,86],"(IBC),":[82],"apparent":[84],"(AIB).":[87],"Parametric":[88],"revealed":[90],"layered":[92],"which":[95],"3":[97,112],"thickest":[98],"(>1":[99],"mm)":[100],"layers":[101,214],"analyzed:":[103],"dermal,":[104],"subcutaneous":[105,213,231],"subgaleal.":[107],"Measured":[108],"values":[109],"for":[110],"these":[111],"layers,":[113],"respectively,":[114],"SOS":[116],"=":[117,132,147,162,188],"1560":[118],"\u00b1":[119,123,128,134,138,143,149,153,158,164,172,180,190,194,199],"29":[120],"m/s,":[121,125],"1510":[122],"19":[124],"1520":[127],"21":[129],"m/s;":[130],"FSA":[131,225],"2.75":[133],"0.77":[135],"dB/cm/MHz,":[136,140],"2.51":[137],"0.60":[139],"0.83":[142],"0.47":[144],"dB/cm/MHz;":[145],"IAC":[146],"56":[148],"11":[150],"dB/cm,":[151,155],"29.7":[152],"6.1":[154],"20.3":[157],"7.1":[159],"dB/cm;":[160],"IBC":[161],"0.14":[163],"0.13":[165],"cm":[166,174,182],"\u22121":[167,169,175,177,183,185],"sr":[168,176,184],",":[170],"0.072":[171],"0.056":[173],"0.07":[179],"0.15":[181],";":[186],"AIB":[187],"\u221245.1":[189],"3.1":[191],"dB,":[192],"\u221246.9":[193],"3.2":[195],"dB":[196],"\u221250.2":[198],"5.0":[200],"dB.":[201],"All":[202],"5":[203],"measured":[204],"parameters":[205],"significantly":[207,227],"different":[208,228],"between":[209,216,229],"dermal":[211,218],"subgaleal":[220,233],"layers.":[221,235],"AIB,":[222],"IAC,":[223],"These":[236],"findings":[237],"demonstrate":[238],"that":[239],"vary":[246],"by":[247],"layer.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}