{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225623535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56","title":"VIOLENCE, STATE FAILURE, AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIA: A RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL ANALYSIS","display_name":"VIOLENCE, STATE FAILURE, AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIA: A RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL ANALYSIS","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225623535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.68653/k4k3vq56","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56","pdf_url":"https://journals.plasu.edu.ng/index.php/pjorech/article/download/432/437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407122309","display_name":"PLASU Journal of Religion Cultural and Humanities","issn_l":"3141-2955","issn":["3141-2955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLASU Journal of Religion, Cultural and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.plasu.edu.ng/index.php/pjorech/article/download/432/437","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161352190","display_name":"Abraham Jhein BAHAGO","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3132245663","display_name":"Plateau State University","ror":"https://ror.org/050swxx85","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3132245663"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"BAHAGO, Abraham Jhein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Plateau State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Plateau State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3132245663"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161321991","display_name":"PHINEHAS TOM KADAM","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108267","display_name":"Evangelical Church Winning All","ror":"https://ror.org/01fq8hw04","country_code":"NG","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108267"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"PHINEHAS TOM KADAM","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jos ECWA Theological Seminary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jos ECWA Theological Seminary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14228","display_name":"Religion and Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nigeria","score":0.8618000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14228","display_name":"Religion and Sociopolitical Dynamics in Nigeria","score":0.8618000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14111","display_name":"Diverse Research Studies Overview","score":0.0908999964594841,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.014299999922513962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/violence","display_name":"violence","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-failure","display_name":"state failure","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-responsibility","display_name":"moral responsibility","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boko-haram","display_name":"Boko Haram","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-extremism","display_name":"religious extremism","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-of-god","display_name":"image of God","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-dignity","display_name":"human dignity","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-elites","display_name":"political elites","score":0.6169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corruption","display_name":"corruption","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/governance","display_name":"governance","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-inequality","display_name":"social inequality","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traditional-authority","display_name":"traditional authority","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-society","display_name":"civil society","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peace","display_name":"peace","score":0.36800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmer-herder-conflict","display_name":"farmer-herder conflict","score":0.6510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ipob","display_name":"IPOB","score":0.8550000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778745096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274782","display_name":"Dignity","level":2,"score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6000999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5723000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95124753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875686","display_name":"Environmental ethics","level":1,"score":0.4284999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111476811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5190255","display_name":"Moral responsibility","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3781000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147598955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3427818","display_name":"Social responsibility","level":2,"score":0.3418999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778410420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33578","display_name":"Igbo","level":2,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513891491","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181865","display_name":"Civil society","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776508615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167524","display_name":"Responsibility to protect","level":3,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777162435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399774","display_name":"Political violence","level":3,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200113983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48324","display_name":"Morality","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779449393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302285","display_name":"Human security","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776745318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7311408","display_name":"Religious values","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.68653/k4k3vq56","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56","pdf_url":"https://journals.plasu.edu.ng/index.php/pjorech/article/download/432/437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407122309","display_name":"PLASU Journal of Religion Cultural and Humanities","issn_l":"3141-2955","issn":["3141-2955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLASU Journal of Religion, Cultural and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.68653/k4k3vq56","doi":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.68653/k4k3vq56","pdf_url":"https://journals.plasu.edu.ng/index.php/pjorech/article/download/432/437","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407122309","display_name":"PLASU Journal of Religion Cultural and Humanities","issn_l":"3141-2955","issn":["3141-2955"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLASU Journal of Religion, Cultural and Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225623535.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225623535.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416775174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2914507016","https://openalex.org/W7208815759","https://openalex.org/W1604487197","https://openalex.org/W2889529645","https://openalex.org/W7160050967","https://openalex.org/W7005196921","https://openalex.org/W2209981944","https://openalex.org/W2119140649","https://openalex.org/W4399644674","https://openalex.org/W2259704548"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Violence":[0],"is":[1,29,71,125],"now":[2,30],"a":[3,208,236],"regular":[4],"occurrence":[5],"in":[6,33,46,58,76,80,89,95,101,127,222],"our":[7],"present-day":[8],"society":[9,194],"with":[10,37,73],"detrimental":[11],"effects":[12],"on":[13,151],"human":[14,216,234],"life":[15,235],"and":[16,41,64,68,83,93,98,104,135,141,159,161,179,196,238],"dignity.":[17],"Indeed,":[18],"the":[19,25,31,34,61,77,81,90,96,102,111,168,172,211,223,226,231],"literal":[20],"definition":[21],"of":[22,27,66,113,154,225,233],"violence":[23,114,184],"being":[24,217],"absence":[26],"peace":[28],"experience":[32],"Nigerian":[35,169],"society,":[36],"vicious":[38],"attacks":[39],"here":[40],"there.":[42],"In":[43],"each":[44],"region":[45],"Nigeria":[47,70],"there":[48],"are":[49,52],"groups":[50],"that":[51,110,166,214],"term":[53],"either":[54,202],"terrorist":[55],"or":[56,121,200,204],"extremist":[57],"bringing":[59],"about":[60],"disturbance,":[62],"death":[63],"destruction":[65],"lives":[67],"properties.":[69],"faced":[72],"Boko":[74],"haram":[75],"Northeast,":[78],"Bandits":[79],"Northwest":[82],"North":[84],"central,":[85],"farmers":[86],"herders":[87],"clash":[88],"middle":[91],"belt":[92],"IPOB":[94],"Southeast,":[97],"Oduduwa":[99],"agitation":[100],"South-south":[103],"south":[105],"east.":[106],"The":[107],"study":[108],"argues":[109,165],"persistence":[112],"cannot":[115],"be":[116],"explained":[117],"solely":[118],"by":[119],"criminality":[120],"religious":[122,189,209,237],"extremism":[123],"but":[124],"rooted":[126],"institutional":[128],"weaknesses,":[129],"poor":[130],"governance,":[131],"corruption,":[132],"social":[133],"inequality,":[134],"moral":[136,181,239],"failures":[137],"among":[138],"both":[139],"leaders":[140],"citizens.":[142],"This":[143],"paper":[144,212],"adopts":[145],"an":[146],"interdisciplinary":[147],"qualitative":[148],"methodology":[149],"based":[150],"documentary":[152],"analysis":[153],"scholarly":[155],"literature,":[156],"government":[157],"reports,":[158],"theological":[160],"ethical":[162],"writings.":[163],"It":[164],"while":[167],"state":[170],"bears":[171],"primary":[173],"constitutional":[174],"responsibility":[175,182],"for":[176,183],"ensuring":[177],"security":[178],"justice,":[180],"extends":[185],"to":[186],"political":[187],"elites,":[188],"institutions,":[190],"traditional":[191],"authorities,":[192],"civil":[193],"organizations,":[195],"citizens":[197],"whose":[198],"actions":[199],"omissions":[201],"promote":[203],"undermine":[205],"peace.":[206],"From":[207],"perspective,":[210],"contends":[213],"every":[215],"possesses":[218],"inherent":[219],"dignity":[220],"grounded":[221],"doctrine":[224],"Imago":[227],"Dei,":[228],"thereby":[229],"making":[230],"protection":[232],"imperative.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
