{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225623227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239","title":"Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils Across Four Local Government Areas of Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria: A Spatial Variability Study","display_name":"Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils Across Four Local Government Areas of Southern Kebbi State, Nigeria: A Spatial Variability Study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225623227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281523","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","issn_l":"2489-0081","issn":["2489-0081","2695-1894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161308263","display_name":"A. Hussaini","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088819","display_name":"Abdullahi Fodio University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006cvtz77","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088819"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Hussaini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Abdullahi Fodio University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Abdullahi Fodio University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088819"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161308263"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088819"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"235","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11634","display_name":"Water Quality and Pollution Assessment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-contamination","display_name":"soil contamination","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"spatial variability","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron","display_name":"iron","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese","display_name":"manganese","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-soils","display_name":"agricultural soils","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kebbi-state","display_name":"Kebbi State","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-remediation","display_name":"soil remediation","score":0.5849999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544657597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091","display_name":"Cadmium","level":2,"score":0.7997000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.7009000182151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.666100025177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.6414999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33619061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655346","display_name":"Atomic absorption spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.5087000131607056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535196362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758","display_name":"Zinc","level":2,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.47380000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50516716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877107","display_name":"Soil test","level":3,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65580899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212734","display_name":"Soil contamination","level":3,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528890316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731","display_name":"Manganese","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3871000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20529654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247456","display_name":"Topsoil","level":3,"score":0.37790000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988626262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2796622","display_name":"Mean value","level":2,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152494472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386963","display_name":"Soil classification","level":3,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544778455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753","display_name":"Copper","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909722689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212734","display_name":"Soil Pollutants","level":4,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199289684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83353","display_name":"Mineralogy","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159744936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126730","display_name":"Spearman's rank correlation coefficient","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125287762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1758948","display_name":"Absorption (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.56201/ijaes.vol.12.no10.2026.pg235.239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281523","display_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","issn_l":"2489-0081","issn":["2489-0081","2695-1894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND EARTH SCIENCE","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.6735000014305115}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7225636129","https://openalex.org/W4410927085","https://openalex.org/W4406935452","https://openalex.org/W3036665516","https://openalex.org/W7213503843","https://openalex.org/W4412577917","https://openalex.org/W7217421457","https://openalex.org/W7160423930","https://openalex.org/W4411054489","https://openalex.org/W7159107455"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"variability":[1],"of":[2,16,28,52,59,89,188,228],"heavy":[3,29,208],"metals":[4,30,209],"in":[5,12,44,191,234],"agricultural":[6],"soils":[7,45],"is":[8],"a":[9,104],"critical":[10],"factor":[11],"determining":[13],"the":[14,26,119,144,154,163,174,185,197,214],"extent":[15],"contamination":[17],"and":[18,41,71,92,126,139,219,239],"formulating":[19],"site-specific":[20,240],"management":[21],"strategies.":[22,242],"This":[23],"study":[24,203],"compared":[25],"concentrations":[27,76,183],"Cadmium":[31,182],"(Cd),":[32],"Copper":[33],"(Cu),":[34],"Iron":[35],"(Fe),":[36],"Manganese":[37],"(Mn),":[38],"Lead":[39],"(Pb),":[40],"Zinc":[42],"(Zn)":[43],"across":[46,213,230],"four":[47,120],"Local":[48],"Government":[49],"Areas":[50],"(LGAs)":[51],"southern":[53,215],"Kebbi":[54,216],"State,":[55,217],"Nigeria.":[56],"A":[57],"total":[58],"48":[60],"composite":[61],"soil":[62],"samples":[63],"were":[64,77,85,94,135,179],"collected":[65],"from":[66],"Zuru,":[67],"Danko":[68,141],"Wasagu,":[69],"Yauri,":[70],"Shanga":[72,160,195],"LGAs.":[73],"Heavy":[74],"metal":[75],"determined":[78],"using":[79,87,96],"Atomic":[80],"Absorption":[81],"Spectrophotometry":[82],"(AAS).":[83],"Data":[84],"analyzed":[86],"Analysis":[88],"Variance":[90],"(ANOVA),":[91],"means":[93],"separated":[95],"Duncan's":[97],"New":[98],"Multiple":[99],"Range":[100],"Test":[101],"(DMRT)":[102],"at":[103],"5%":[105],"probability":[106],"level.":[107],"The":[108,202,225],"comparative":[109],"analysis":[110],"revealed":[111],"no":[112],"significant":[113,130,222],"differences":[114,131],"(p":[115,132],">":[116],"0.05)":[117,134],"among":[118],"LGAs":[121],"for":[122,137],"Cd,":[123],"Cu,":[124],"Mn,":[125],"Pb":[127],"concentrations.":[128],"However,":[129],"<":[133],"observed":[136],"Fe":[138,147,218],"Zn.":[140],"Wasagu":[142],"recorded":[143,162],"highest":[145,164,198],"mean":[146,165],"concentration":[148,166],"(16.789":[149],"mg/kg),":[150,168],"while":[151,206],"Yauri":[152],"had":[153],"lowest":[155],"(13.990":[156],"mg/kg).":[157,201],"For":[158],"Zn,":[159],"LGA":[161],"(0.7283":[167],"which":[169,178],"was":[170],"significantly":[171],"higher":[172],"than":[173],"other":[175],"three":[176],"LGAs,":[177,193,232],"statistically":[180],"similar.":[181],"exceeded":[184],"NESREA":[186],"standard":[187],"3.00":[189],"mg/kg":[190],"all":[192,231],"with":[194],"recording":[196],"value":[199],"(4.0350":[200],"reveals":[204],"that":[205],"most":[207],"are":[210],"uniformly":[211],"distributed":[212],"Zn":[220],"exhibit":[221],"spatial":[223],"variability.":[224],"widespread":[226],"exceedance":[227],"Cd":[229],"particularly":[233],"Shanga,":[235],"warrants":[236],"immediate":[237],"attention":[238],"remediation":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
