{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225622898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","title":"Neuronal homeostasis as feedback control: a framework for localizing regulatory dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders","display_name":"Neuronal homeostasis as feedback control: a framework for localizing regulatory dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225622898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36653316","display_name":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5102","issn":["1662-5102"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161307118","display_name":"Ankit Roy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800129641","display_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zn2c847","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I2800349819"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801317318","display_name":"Hospital for Sick Children","ror":"https://ror.org/057q4rt57","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801317318"]}],"countries":["CA","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankit Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology, University of Toronto","Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I2801317318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003172368","display_name":"Steven A. Prescott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3827-4512","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3827-4512"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800129641","display_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00zn2c847","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I2800349819"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801317318","display_name":"Hospital for Sick Children","ror":"https://ror.org/057q4rt57","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801317318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260330","display_name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03k51z204","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I4405260330"]}],"countries":["CA","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Steven A. Prescott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary","Department of Physiology, University of Toronto","Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary","Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto","Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I4405260330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I2801317318"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003172368"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I185261750","https://openalex.org/I2800129641","https://openalex.org/I2801317318","https://openalex.org/I4405260330"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11772","display_name":"Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","score":0.7476000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11772","display_name":"Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","score":0.7476000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10077","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research","score":0.1817999929189682,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.05090000107884407,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuronal-homeostasis","display_name":"neuronal homeostasis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodevelopmental-disorders","display_name":"neurodevelopmental disorders","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-feedback-control","display_name":"negative feedback control","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"control theory","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitability","display_name":"excitability","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excitation-inhibition-balance","display_name":"excitation-inhibition balance","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-stability","display_name":"circuit stability","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set-point","display_name":"set point","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/degeneracy","display_name":"degeneracy","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-model","display_name":"computational model","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.7597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63645605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103191","display_name":"Homeostasis","level":2,"score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.47999998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185263204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154774","display_name":"Electrophysiology","level":2,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5687787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5889850","display_name":"Homeostatic plasticity","level":5,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777727622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251772","display_name":"Degeneracy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6929976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771881","display_name":"Regulator","level":3,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74254510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7240508","display_name":"Premovement neuronal activity","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780196419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762173","display_name":"Nerve net","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111774379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364253","display_name":"Autoregulation","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778794669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43054","display_name":"Neuron","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93586867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62527","display_name":"Negative feedback","level":3,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36653316","display_name":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5102","issn":["1662-5102"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fncel.2026.1980825/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36653316","display_name":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience","issn_l":"1662-5102","issn":["1662-5102"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225622898.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225622898.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":207,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1168911763","https://openalex.org/W1425523120","https://openalex.org/W1482683088","https://openalex.org/W1485297825","https://openalex.org/W1514853588","https://openalex.org/W1541267199","https://openalex.org/W1542136448","https://openalex.org/W1548862642","https://openalex.org/W1549050411","https://openalex.org/W1559742681","https://openalex.org/W1613369435","https://openalex.org/W1664561830","https://openalex.org/W1784857457","https://openalex.org/W1800303662","https://openalex.org/W1818479680","https://openalex.org/W1820338024","https://openalex.org/W1944693505","https://openalex.org/W1968460764","https://openalex.org/W1970848271","https://openalex.org/W1973517385","https://openalex.org/W1977434210","https://openalex.org/W1978127185","https://openalex.org/W1980647259","https://openalex.org/W1981967587","https://openalex.org/W1984039300","https://openalex.org/W1986094760","https://openalex.org/W1986627859","https://openalex.org/W1987055742","https://openalex.org/W1989092549","https://openalex.org/W1990432147","https://openalex.org/W1994119944","https://openalex.org/W2000344096","https://openalex.org/W2000401049","https://openalex.org/W2001208885","https://openalex.org/W2003315040","https://openalex.org/W2005800358","https://openalex.org/W2011046807","https://openalex.org/W2011389660","https://openalex.org/W2015701831","https://openalex.org/W2016107979","https://openalex.org/W2016770416","https://openalex.org/W2019808076","https://openalex.org/W2021088263","https://openalex.org/W2022814598","https://openalex.org/W2023079245","https://openalex.org/W2025011598","https://openalex.org/W2030452623","https://openalex.org/W2031779883","https://openalex.org/W2033877733","https://openalex.org/W2035090622","https://openalex.org/W2036029991","https://openalex.org/W2039187448","https://openalex.org/W2039276157","https://openalex.org/W2042076346","https://openalex.org/W2046173010","https://openalex.org/W2046989317","https://openalex.org/W2047535883","https://openalex.org/W2048349186","https://openalex.org/W2048701474","https://openalex.org/W2050954502","https://openalex.org/W2052121250","https://openalex.org/W2052422346","https://openalex.org/W2056861732","https://openalex.org/W2057308155","https://openalex.org/W2057717270","https://openalex.org/W2057841956","https://openalex.org/W2059226655","https://openalex.org/W2059668389","https://openalex.org/W2065914874","https://openalex.org/W2071598557","https://openalex.org/W2076304606","https://openalex.org/W2078108567","https://openalex.org/W2080930754","https://openalex.org/W2081756408","https://openalex.org/W2082023836","https://openalex.org/W2083421199","https://openalex.org/W2086236510","https://openalex.org/W2088049359","https://openalex.org/W2089854326","https://openalex.org/W2091174247","https://openalex.org/W2092166405","https://openalex.org/W2092597282","https://openalex.org/W2096123613","https://openalex.org/W2096301608","https://openalex.org/W2100701643","https://openalex.org/W2102744370","https://openalex.org/W2104892692","https://openalex.org/W2105304857","https://openalex.org/W2107799893","https://openalex.org/W2109870708","https://openalex.org/W2114350859","https://openalex.org/W2114559471","https://openalex.org/W2121262376","https://openalex.org/W2124205282","https://openalex.org/W2126855756","https://openalex.org/W2127568004","https://openalex.org/W2130464434","https://openalex.org/W2132047598","https://openalex.org/W2132753014","https://openalex.org/W2133254839","https://openalex.org/W2134209166","https://openalex.org/W2134376523","https://openalex.org/W2135911632","https://openalex.org/W2138377715","https://openalex.org/W2138773108","https://openalex.org/W2139695427","https://openalex.org/W2143386205","https://openalex.org/W2146316035","https://openalex.org/W2148386452","https://openalex.org/W2149119305","https://openalex.org/W2150087562","https://openalex.org/W2150656582","https://openalex.org/W2153220463","https://openalex.org/W2156087438","https://openalex.org/W2159716898","https://openalex.org/W2168570529","https://openalex.org/W2168950294","https://openalex.org/W2168976498","https://openalex.org/W2178875440","https://openalex.org/W2179569199","https://openalex.org/W2247294682","https://openalex.org/W2292973084","https://openalex.org/W2301435817","https://openalex.org/W2363557629","https://openalex.org/W2395063123","https://openalex.org/W2409476070","https://openalex.org/W2441722029","https://openalex.org/W2534955677","https://openalex.org/W2575808097","https://openalex.org/W2577076170","https://openalex.org/W2578308616","https://openalex.org/W2581269619","https://openalex.org/W2622710127","https://openalex.org/W2735720719","https://openalex.org/W2741074105","https://openalex.org/W2754508573","https://openalex.org/W2765531531","https://openalex.org/W2794173081","https://openalex.org/W2799558871","https://openalex.org/W2803142780","https://openalex.org/W2803271184","https://openalex.org/W2885970514","https://openalex.org/W2887582341","https://openalex.org/W2911737192","https://openalex.org/W2913615752","https://openalex.org/W2942764308","https://openalex.org/W2950040155","https://openalex.org/W2950141843","https://openalex.org/W2950333680","https://openalex.org/W2950462296","https://openalex.org/W2952738056","https://openalex.org/W2955503846","https://openalex.org/W2958093286","https://openalex.org/W2965956202","https://openalex.org/W2982459672","https://openalex.org/W2984417636","https://openalex.org/W2990424445","https://openalex.org/W3011011203","https://openalex.org/W3012070216","https://openalex.org/W3033740108","https://openalex.org/W3036923110","https://openalex.org/W3037212798","https://openalex.org/W3040130626","https://openalex.org/W3085931761","https://openalex.org/W3087344693","https://openalex.org/W3091716161","https://openalex.org/W3106672018","https://openalex.org/W3109004742","https://openalex.org/W3110698055","https://openalex.org/W3110842501","https://openalex.org/W3123146320","https://openalex.org/W3139189563","https://openalex.org/W3140625657","https://openalex.org/W3146273772","https://openalex.org/W3153071797","https://openalex.org/W3189669909","https://openalex.org/W3194840136","https://openalex.org/W3200895168","https://openalex.org/W3215013353","https://openalex.org/W4205495648","https://openalex.org/W4220827944","https://openalex.org/W4226409668","https://openalex.org/W4306658416","https://openalex.org/W4306750716","https://openalex.org/W4313750739","https://openalex.org/W4316345124","https://openalex.org/W4319334100","https://openalex.org/W4321429493","https://openalex.org/W4368361301","https://openalex.org/W4379233035","https://openalex.org/W4387500374","https://openalex.org/W4388125863","https://openalex.org/W4390225108","https://openalex.org/W4391188943","https://openalex.org/W4391312642","https://openalex.org/W4392016167","https://openalex.org/W4394904477","https://openalex.org/W4401383408","https://openalex.org/W4401724310","https://openalex.org/W4405095177","https://openalex.org/W4409077812","https://openalex.org/W4410888389","https://openalex.org/W4414798689","https://openalex.org/W4415316636","https://openalex.org/W4417301569","https://openalex.org/W7043890906","https://openalex.org/W7162694965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1800303662","https://openalex.org/W2789485839","https://openalex.org/W7098167456","https://openalex.org/W3185553914","https://openalex.org/W2193167307","https://openalex.org/W2529060413","https://openalex.org/W1664561830","https://openalex.org/W2499604236","https://openalex.org/W4213061364","https://openalex.org/W2056874841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neurons":[0],"preserve":[1],"functional":[2],"activity":[3],"despite":[4],"continual":[5],"changes":[6],"in":[7,102,227],"synaptic":[8],"drive,":[9],"morphology,":[10],"and":[11,56,113,135,143,192,217],"membrane":[12],"protein":[13],"turnover.":[14],"This":[15,58],"stability":[16],"is":[17,24],"commonly":[18],"attributed":[19],"to":[20,97,151,163,175],"homeostatic":[21,123],"regulation.":[22,37],"There":[23],"converging":[25],"evidence":[26,99],"that":[27,195],"neurodevelopmental":[28],"disorders":[29],"(NDDs)":[30],"may":[31,71],"arise":[32,72,176],"from":[33,73,100,177],"failure":[34],"of":[35,63,89,199,206],"this":[36,95],"Here,":[38],"we":[39],"formulate":[40],"neuronal":[41,224],"homeostasis":[42,65],"as":[43,157],"a":[44,49,76,197,203,214],"negative-feedback":[45],"control":[46],"problem":[47],"comprising":[48],"regulated":[50],"variable,":[51],"set":[52,78,205],"point,":[53,79],"sensor,":[54],"controller,":[55],"effectors.":[57],"formulation":[59],"converts":[60],"broad":[61],"claims":[62],"impaired":[64],"into":[66],"mechanistically":[67],"distinct":[68,160],"hypotheses.":[69],"Dysfunction":[70],"sensor":[74],"miscalibration,":[75],"displaced":[77],"defective":[80],"controller":[81],"transduction,":[82],"incorrect":[83],"gain,":[84],"or":[85,87],"saturation":[86],"loss":[88],"an":[90,218],"effector\u2019s":[91],"adjustability.":[92],"We":[93],"use":[94],"framework":[96,117,210],"reinterpret":[98],"NDDs":[101],"which":[103],"diverse":[104],"genetic":[105],"lesions":[106],"converge":[107],"on":[108,139],"altered":[109],"excitability,":[110],"excitatory-inhibitory":[111],"balance,":[112],"circuit":[114],"stability.":[115],"The":[116],"yields":[118],"two":[119],"central":[120],"conclusions.":[121],"First,":[122],"dysfunction":[124,183],"should":[125],"often":[126],"be":[127],"direction-specific":[128],"rather":[129,201],"than":[130,202],"uniformly":[131],"deficient,":[132],"because":[133],"upward":[134],"downward":[136],"compensation":[137],"rely":[138],"partially":[140],"separable":[141],"molecular":[142],"physiological":[144],"mechanisms.":[145],"Second,":[146],"electrophysiological":[147,173],"measurements":[148,174],"are":[149],"insufficient":[150],"identify":[152],"the":[153,171,185],"governing":[154],"regulatory":[155,179],"rule":[156],"degeneracy":[158],"permits":[159],"ion-channel":[161],"configurations":[162],"support":[164],"similar":[165],"activity,":[166],"whereas":[167],"integral":[168],"feedback":[169],"allows":[170],"same":[172],"different":[178],"dynamics.":[180],"Consequently,":[181],"localizing":[182],"within":[184],"loop":[186],"requires":[187],"bidirectional":[188],"perturbations,":[189],"longitudinal":[190],"measurement,":[191],"computational":[193],"models":[194,200],"represent":[196],"population":[198],"unique":[204],"parameters.":[207],"A":[208],"control-theoretic":[209],"therefore":[211],"provides":[212],"both":[213],"mechanistic":[215],"taxonomy":[216],"experimental":[219],"strategy":[220],"for":[221],"determining":[222],"how":[223],"regulation":[225],"fails":[226],"disease.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}