{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225621129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","title":"Genomic and Epigenomic Factors Associated with Therapeutic Response in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Pharmacogenomic Evidence to Precision Ophthalmology","display_name":"Genomic and Epigenomic Factors Associated with Therapeutic Response in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Pharmacogenomic Evidence to Precision Ophthalmology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225621129","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/genes17111418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194631498","display_name":"Genes","issn_l":"2073-4425","issn":["2073-4425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009384084","display_name":"Snje\u017eana Ka\u0161telan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3983-1157","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3983-1157"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181343428","display_name":"University of Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00mv6sv71","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800813048","display_name":"University Hospital Dubrava","ror":"https://ror.org/00mgfdc89","country_code":"HR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800813048"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Snje\u017eana Ka\u0161telan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3983-1157","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800813048"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010840305","display_name":"Suzana Konjevoda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-6790","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-6790"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56033108","display_name":"University of Zadar","ror":"https://ror.org/00t89vb53","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56033108"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suzana Konjevoda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia","Department of Ophthalmology, Zadar General Hospital, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-6790","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56033108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zadar General Hospital, 23000 Zadar, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078831739","display_name":"Ana Sari\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4505-0527","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4505-0527"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110782","display_name":"Catholic University of Croatia","ror":"https://ror.org/022991v89","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110782"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ana Sari\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009442996","display_name":"Zora Tomi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-9254","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-9254"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zora Tomi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Centre of the Croatian Department of Internal Affairs, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-9254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Centre of the Croatian Department of Internal Affairs, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001543418","display_name":"Emina Kujund\u017ei\u0107 Begovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-801X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-801X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104817121","display_name":"University of Sarajevo","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwgd43","country_code":"BA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}],"countries":["BA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emina Kujund\u017ei\u0107 Begovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0702-801X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020543815","display_name":"Petra Kova\u010devi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-3427","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5449-3427"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138937732","display_name":"University Hospital Centre Zagreb","ror":"https://ror.org/00r9vb833","country_code":"HR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138937732"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petra Kova\u010devi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138937732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029421107","display_name":"Zrinjka Pa\u0161tar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-8784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-8784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56033108","display_name":"University of Zadar","ror":"https://ror.org/00t89vb53","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56033108"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zrinjka Pa\u0161tar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8478-8784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56033108"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071966734","display_name":"Samir \u010canovi\u0107","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56033108","display_name":"University of Zadar","ror":"https://ror.org/00t89vb53","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56033108"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samir \u010canovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia","Department of Ophthalmology, Zadar General Hospital, 23000 Zadar, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56033108"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Zadar General Hospital, 23000 Zadar, Croatia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009384084","https://openalex.org/A5078831739"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181343428","https://openalex.org/I2800813048","https://openalex.org/I4210110782"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"11","first_page":"1418","last_page":"1418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11194","display_name":"Ocular Diseases and Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Syndrome","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-macular-edema","display_name":"diabetic macular edema","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacogenomics","display_name":"pharmacogenomics","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epigenomics","display_name":"epigenomics","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anti-vegf-therapy","display_name":"anti-VEGF therapy","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genome-wide-association-study","display_name":"genome-wide association study","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dna-methylation","display_name":"DNA methylation","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-coding-rna","display_name":"non-coding RNA","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corticosteroid-response","display_name":"corticosteroid response","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-photocoagulation","display_name":"laser photocoagulation","score":0.7789999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-biomarkers","display_name":"predictive biomarkers","score":0.6919999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121912465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3589153","display_name":"Epigenomics","level":5,"score":0.8952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170734499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenomics","level":2,"score":0.7505000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6017000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163763905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17075943","display_name":"Precision medicine","level":2,"score":0.5727999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190727270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874745","display_name":"DNA methylation","level":4,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55775858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152227","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics","level":4,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41091548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26939","display_name":"Epigenetics","level":3,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189206191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046","display_name":"Genomics","level":4,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991975920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621261","display_name":"Pain medicine","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117717151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3589155","display_name":"Epigenome","level":5,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135870905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903667","display_name":"Metabolome","level":3,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106208931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1098876","display_name":"Genome-wide association study","level":5,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/genes17111418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194631498","display_name":"Genes","issn_l":"2073-4425","issn":["2073-4425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/genes17111418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17111418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194631498","display_name":"Genes","issn_l":"2073-4425","issn":["2073-4425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120742812","https://openalex.org/W1839243089","https://openalex.org/W1969858778","https://openalex.org/W1972499026","https://openalex.org/W1973786512","https://openalex.org/W1978418030","https://openalex.org/W1995620318","https://openalex.org/W1999688174","https://openalex.org/W2024206172","https://openalex.org/W2024843178","https://openalex.org/W2025178506","https://openalex.org/W2028772682","https://openalex.org/W2039618053","https://openalex.org/W2041951336","https://openalex.org/W2042170436","https://openalex.org/W2044984438","https://openalex.org/W2047640394","https://openalex.org/W2051869313","https://openalex.org/W2053442145","https://openalex.org/W2059419106","https://openalex.org/W2065249866","https://openalex.org/W2086857319","https://openalex.org/W2103783427","https://openalex.org/W2109603059","https://openalex.org/W2114651342","https://openalex.org/W2115093090","https://openalex.org/W2119957820","https://openalex.org/W2126309037","https://openalex.org/W2131525679","https://openalex.org/W2137066368","https://openalex.org/W2195297470","https://openalex.org/W2226585534","https://openalex.org/W2288292950","https://openalex.org/W2292008741","https://openalex.org/W2328393125","https://openalex.org/W2379687302","https://openalex.org/W2413342745","https://openalex.org/W2432967877","https://openalex.org/W2483809052","https://openalex.org/W2529739347","https://openalex.org/W2545898112","https://openalex.org/W2549061902","https://openalex.org/W2559334997","https://openalex.org/W2560561599","https://openalex.org/W2581765679","https://openalex.org/W2605619962","https://openalex.org/W2615849081","https://openalex.org/W2738328909","https://openalex.org/W2754316188","https://openalex.org/W2761226739","https://openalex.org/W2781859544","https://openalex.org/W2790671645","https://openalex.org/W2792520370","https://openalex.org/W2794677028","https://openalex.org/W2811428863","https://openalex.org/W2884558319","https://openalex.org/W2890742715","https://openalex.org/W2898192966","https://openalex.org/W2914025478","https://openalex.org/W2914762802","https://openalex.org/W2932671560","https://openalex.org/W2934861239","https://openalex.org/W3000559775","https://openalex.org/W3037400185","https://openalex.org/W3043665451","https://openalex.org/W3083627720","https://openalex.org/W3084303958","https://openalex.org/W3093671505","https://openalex.org/W3099019601","https://openalex.org/W3102847973","https://openalex.org/W3118813340","https://openalex.org/W3124724358","https://openalex.org/W3126986141","https://openalex.org/W3134312898","https://openalex.org/W3135623457","https://openalex.org/W3136574244","https://openalex.org/W3138423443","https://openalex.org/W3182127167","https://openalex.org/W3192025096","https://openalex.org/W3197584596","https://openalex.org/W3199411287","https://openalex.org/W3204112806","https://openalex.org/W3213819329","https://openalex.org/W4200594463","https://openalex.org/W4207026636","https://openalex.org/W4223415263","https://openalex.org/W4223469246","https://openalex.org/W4224032256","https://openalex.org/W4224981937","https://openalex.org/W4240880213","https://openalex.org/W4281671292","https://openalex.org/W4283376467","https://openalex.org/W4283791281","https://openalex.org/W4284966246","https://openalex.org/W4292454305","https://openalex.org/W4292470416","https://openalex.org/W4293598549","https://openalex.org/W4294308720","https://openalex.org/W4294954920","https://openalex.org/W4297519396","https://openalex.org/W4300689035","https://openalex.org/W4307431996","https://openalex.org/W4309179933","https://openalex.org/W4311354231","https://openalex.org/W4311480802","https://openalex.org/W4311599947","https://openalex.org/W4312194469","https://openalex.org/W4313333019","https://openalex.org/W4362553594","https://openalex.org/W4364376800","https://openalex.org/W4383302295","https://openalex.org/W4383817987","https://openalex.org/W4384296365","https://openalex.org/W4386619324","https://openalex.org/W4390341908","https://openalex.org/W4390584098","https://openalex.org/W4392564944","https://openalex.org/W4393357710","https://openalex.org/W4396590490","https://openalex.org/W4396622418","https://openalex.org/W4396778710","https://openalex.org/W4397292382","https://openalex.org/W4399149006","https://openalex.org/W4399286436","https://openalex.org/W4399691331","https://openalex.org/W4400088778","https://openalex.org/W4401771524","https://openalex.org/W4402358828","https://openalex.org/W4403097108","https://openalex.org/W4403891914","https://openalex.org/W4404319505","https://openalex.org/W4405258141","https://openalex.org/W4405733443","https://openalex.org/W4405798410","https://openalex.org/W4407370853","https://openalex.org/W4407585217","https://openalex.org/W4407675460","https://openalex.org/W4409952668","https://openalex.org/W4411349618","https://openalex.org/W4412517878","https://openalex.org/W4412551852","https://openalex.org/W4412856375","https://openalex.org/W4413772757","https://openalex.org/W4414209628","https://openalex.org/W4414243907","https://openalex.org/W4414414380","https://openalex.org/W4415213411","https://openalex.org/W4415452289","https://openalex.org/W4416137704","https://openalex.org/W4417240246","https://openalex.org/W7117142056","https://openalex.org/W7122783492","https://openalex.org/W7123881647","https://openalex.org/W7131671751","https://openalex.org/W7133844859","https://openalex.org/W7136239268","https://openalex.org/W7152621031","https://openalex.org/W7160374946","https://openalex.org/W7161015838","https://openalex.org/W7162873858","https://openalex.org/W7165675375","https://openalex.org/W7168357562","https://openalex.org/W7169151159","https://openalex.org/W7213891503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2288292950","https://openalex.org/W2042050327","https://openalex.org/W3000559775","https://openalex.org/W4223469246","https://openalex.org/W7214003693","https://openalex.org/W3102847973","https://openalex.org/W3192025096","https://openalex.org/W7117155144","https://openalex.org/W2295706249","https://openalex.org/W4417240246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1],"(DR)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,17,198],"clinically":[5],"heterogeneous":[6,122],"complication":[7],"of":[8,22,31,204,226],"diabetes,":[9],"and":[10,27,35,42,61,108,124,127,138,170,180,188,194,223],"substantial":[11],"variability":[12],"in":[13,19,67,102,159],"therapeutic":[14,51,65,150],"response":[15,66,110,216],"remains":[16,111,152],"challenge":[18],"the":[20],"management":[21],"diabetic":[23],"macular":[24],"oedema":[25],"(DME)":[26],"other":[28],"vision-threatening":[29],"manifestations":[30],"DR.":[32],"Although":[33],"clinical":[34,174,186,209,227],"systemic":[36],"factors":[37,63],"improve":[38],"treatment":[39,100,125],"outcomes,":[40],"genomic":[41,60,179,193],"epigenomic":[43,62,181,195],"variation":[44],"may":[45,141],"provide":[46],"additional":[47],"evidence":[48,58,93,105],"for":[49,106],"individualised":[50],"strategies.":[52],"This":[53],"review":[54,163],"critically":[55],"examines":[56],"current":[57],"linking":[59],"to":[64,76,143,149,173],"DR,":[68],"with":[69,98,119,183],"particular":[70],"emphasis":[71],"on":[72],"pharmacogenomic":[73,92],"findings":[74],"related":[75],"anti-vascular":[77],"endothelial":[78],"growth":[79],"factor":[80],"(anti-VEGF)":[81],"therapy.":[82],"Evidence":[83],"strength":[84],"varies":[85],"substantially":[86],"across":[87],"domains.":[88],"The":[89,162],"strongest":[90],"direct":[91,147],"concerns":[94],"exploratory":[95,202],"genome-wide":[96],"associations":[97,116],"anti-VEGF":[99],"outcomes":[101,151],"DME,":[103],"whereas":[104],"corticosteroid":[107],"laser":[109],"insufficient.":[112],"Importantly,":[113],"most":[114],"reported":[115],"remain":[117],"preliminary,":[118],"limited":[120],"replication,":[121],"phenotypes":[123],"regimens,":[126],"insufficient":[128],"functional":[129,218],"or":[130],"prospective":[131,224],"validation.":[132],"Epigenomic":[133],"mechanisms,":[134],"including":[135],"DNA":[136],"methylation":[137],"non-coding":[139],"RNAs,":[140],"contribute":[142],"treatment-response":[144],"heterogeneity.":[145],"However,":[146],"relevance":[148],"less":[153],"well":[154],"established":[155],"than":[156],"their":[157],"role":[158],"DR":[160],"pathogenesis.":[161],"further":[164],"considers":[165],"methodological,":[166],"translational,":[167],"ethical,":[168],"regulatory,":[169],"economic":[171],"barriers":[172],"implementation.":[175],"It":[176],"discusses":[177],"integrating":[178],"information":[182],"retinal":[184],"imaging,":[185],"variables,":[187],"artificial":[189],"intelligence-based":[190],"approaches.":[191],"Overall,":[192],"markers":[196],"represent":[197],"promising":[199],"but":[200],"currently":[201],"component":[203],"precision":[205],"ophthalmology.":[206],"Progress":[207],"toward":[208],"application":[210],"will":[211],"require":[212],"reproducible":[213],"associations,":[214],"standardised":[215],"phenotypes,":[217],"validation,":[219],"multimodal":[220],"predictive":[221],"models,":[222],"demonstration":[225],"utility.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
