{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225618776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","title":"Early risk stratification for in-hospital mortality and 6-month unfavourable prognosis after injury in traumatic brain injury: machine learning models for clinical decision support","display_name":"Early risk stratification for in-hospital mortality and 6-month unfavourable prognosis after injury in traumatic brain injury: machine learning models for clinical decision support","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225618776","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11197260/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11197260/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161327113","display_name":"Yongfeng Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nantong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nantong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161352706","display_name":"Jianjie Xu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianjie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nantong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nantong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100652596","display_name":"Wei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6146-5894","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6146-5894"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086801","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/001rahr89","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086801"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086801"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161344136","display_name":"Ze Song","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112320","display_name":"Second People's Hospital of NanTong","ror":"https://ror.org/01xncyx73","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112320"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ze Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tongzhou District People\u2019s Hospital of Nantong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tongzhou District People\u2019s Hospital of Nantong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019305218","display_name":"Yixiang Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-0396","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6714-0396"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yixiang Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hai\u2019an People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hai\u2019an People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161361376","display_name":"Haoliang Wu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoliang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qidong People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qidong People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161310166","display_name":"Hua Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qidong People\u2019s Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qidong People\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015729550","display_name":"Peizhe Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0168-374X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0168-374X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199305430","display_name":"Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02afcvw97","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peizhe Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nantong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nantong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199305430"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102017996","display_name":"Rui Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-1032","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3816-1032"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086801","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/001rahr89","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086801"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086801"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161312065","display_name":"Qianqian Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210086801","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","ror":"https://ror.org/001rahr89","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210086801"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianqian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210086801"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.8794000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.8794000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.10189999639987946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11467","display_name":"Trauma and Emergency Care Studies","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"traumatic brain injury","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-hospital-mortality","display_name":"in-hospital mortality","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-stratification","display_name":"risk stratification","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prognostic-model","display_name":"prognostic model","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support","display_name":"clinical decision support","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catboost","display_name":"CatBoost","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xgboost","display_name":"XGBoost","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-ct","display_name":"head CT","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-measurements","display_name":"laboratory measurements","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurological-assessment","display_name":"neurological assessment","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-validation","display_name":"external validation","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7468000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.7008000016212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020404979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk stratification","level":2,"score":0.607699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.58160001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76318530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16833590","display_name":"Area under the curve","level":2,"score":0.44589999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42820000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020225094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80091","display_name":"Area under curve","level":3,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781381097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133843","display_name":"Clinical prediction rule","level":2,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198433322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value of tests","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777975874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920572","display_name":"Head injury","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.32589998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019719930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3910099","display_name":"Predictive value","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3021000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989179672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6806500","display_name":"Clinical decision making","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7336293","display_name":"Risk of mortality","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2590999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137345334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7303350","display_name":"Recursive partitioning","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11197260/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11197260/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11197260/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225618776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225618776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1874700596","https://openalex.org/W1996760171","https://openalex.org/W2015568638","https://openalex.org/W2032948054","https://openalex.org/W2045030989","https://openalex.org/W2070921889","https://openalex.org/W2119862467","https://openalex.org/W2143426320","https://openalex.org/W2192203593","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2785363431","https://openalex.org/W2904964912","https://openalex.org/W2914892110","https://openalex.org/W2996480032","https://openalex.org/W3042677187","https://openalex.org/W3094595351","https://openalex.org/W3179083532","https://openalex.org/W4205164650","https://openalex.org/W4285730228","https://openalex.org/W4294541781","https://openalex.org/W4297983178","https://openalex.org/W4308885870","https://openalex.org/W4380300718","https://openalex.org/W4387664460","https://openalex.org/W4388376534","https://openalex.org/W4390674087","https://openalex.org/W4390876555","https://openalex.org/W4394857110","https://openalex.org/W4395067202","https://openalex.org/W4402199506","https://openalex.org/W4402536012","https://openalex.org/W4409039889","https://openalex.org/W4410514047","https://openalex.org/W4411420803","https://openalex.org/W4415821179","https://openalex.org/W7125202503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414773462","https://openalex.org/W4382501918","https://openalex.org/W4321497015","https://openalex.org/W4400429966","https://openalex.org/W7224353021","https://openalex.org/W2009217495","https://openalex.org/W4385602843","https://openalex.org/W4214868395","https://openalex.org/W3210357843","https://openalex.org/W4317478615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Purpose":[1],"To":[2],"develop":[3],"and":[4,18,63,76,96,102,178,217,229,235],"externally":[5],"validate":[6],"machine-learning":[7],"models":[8,223],"using":[9,86,98,139,190],"routinely":[10],"available":[11,129],"early":[12,232],"admission":[13],"data":[14],"for":[15,61,65],"in-hospital":[16,108,136],"death":[17,109],"6-month":[19,118,183],"unfavourable":[20,119,132,184],"prognosis":[21,120,185],"after":[22,45,121,186,238],"injury":[23,27,122],"in":[24],"traumatic":[25],"brain":[26],"(TBI).":[28],"Methods":[29],"This":[30],"retrospective":[31],"multicentre":[32,241],"prognostic":[33],"study":[34],"included":[35,70,111,124],"patients":[36,113],"aged":[37],"\u2265":[38],"15":[39],"years":[40],"admitted":[41],"within":[42],"12":[43],"h":[44],"TBI":[46],"at":[47],"four":[48],"Chinese":[49],"hospitals":[50,58],"from":[51],"November":[52],"2020":[53],"to":[54],"October":[55],"2025.":[56],"Two":[57],"were":[59,84,93],"used":[60],"development":[62],"two":[64],"independent":[66],"external":[67,146,202],"testing.":[68],"Predictors":[69],"age,":[71],"neurological":[72],"assessments,":[73],"laboratory":[74],"measurements,":[75],"head":[77],"computed":[78],"tomography":[79],"(CT)":[80],"findings.":[81],"Laboratory":[82],"measurements":[83],"standardised":[85],"Value/upper":[87],"limit":[88],"of":[89],"normal":[90],"(ULN).":[91],"Models":[92],"selected":[94,141,192],"internally":[95],"evaluated":[97],"discrimination,":[99],"classification,":[100],"calibration,":[101],"decision":[103],"curve":[104,153,165],"analysis.":[105],"Results":[106],"The":[107],"analysis":[110,123],"2260":[112],"(523":[114],"deaths,":[115],"23.1%);":[116],"the":[117,149,163],"1512":[125],"discharge":[126],"survivors":[127],"with":[128,198],"follow-up":[130],"(254":[131],"outcomes,":[133],"16.8%).":[134],"For":[135,182],"death,":[137],"CatBoost":[138],"features":[140,191],"by":[142,193],"Lasso-Logistic":[143],"regression":[144,189],"achieved":[145,201],"area":[147,161],"under":[148,162],"receiver":[150],"operating":[151],"characteristic":[152],"(AUROC)":[154],"0.903":[155],"(95%":[156,168,205,210],"confidence":[157],"interval":[158],"[CI],":[159],"0.883\u20130.922),":[160],"precision\u2013recall":[164],"(AUPRC)":[166],"0.800":[167],"CI,":[169,206,211],"0.760\u20130.844),":[170],"sensitivity":[171,213],"82.0%,":[172],"positive":[173],"predictive":[174,227],"value":[175],"(PPV)":[176],"71.1%,":[177],"F1":[179,218],"score":[180,219],"76.2%.":[181],"injury,":[187],"logistic":[188],"XGBoost-based":[194],"recursive":[195],"feature":[196],"elimination":[197],"cross-validation":[199],"(RFECV-XGBoost)":[200],"AUROC":[203],"0.906":[204],"0.873\u20130.936),":[207],"AUPRC":[208],"0.727":[209],"0.642\u20130.823),":[212],"81.1%,":[214],"PPV":[215],"72.5%,":[216],"76.6%.":[220],"Conclusion":[221],"Both":[222],"maintained":[224],"consistent":[225],"cross-centre":[226],"performance":[228],"may":[230],"support":[231],"risk":[233],"stratification":[234],"treatment":[236],"planning":[237],"TBI.":[239],"Prospective":[240],"evaluation":[242],"is":[243],"still":[244],"needed":[245],"before":[246],"implementation.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}