{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225618606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","title":"The \"Exact Copy\" Problem in Infinite Space: Continuity, Verifiability, Dynamical Amplification, and Criteria of Individuation","display_name":"The \"Exact Copy\" Problem in Infinite Space: Continuity, Verifiability, Dynamical Amplification, and Criteria of Individuation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225618606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24075728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136335021","display_name":"\u6587\u6b63 \u9648","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"\u9648, \u6587\u6b63","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136335021"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.1639000028371811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10258","display_name":"Philosophy and Theoretical Science","score":0.1639000028371811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.11010000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.08330000191926956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infinite-space","display_name":"infinite space","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-state-spaces","display_name":"continuous state spaces","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stationary-random-fields","display_name":"stationary random fields","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrence","display_name":"recurrence","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-indistinguishability","display_name":"quantum indistinguishability","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-orthogonal-quantum-states","display_name":"non-orthogonal quantum states","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-complexity","display_name":"sample complexity","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-relations","display_name":"uncertainty relations","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-identity","display_name":"particle identity","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiking-neural-networks","display_name":"spiking neural networks","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whole-brain-model","display_name":"whole-brain model","score":0.7250000238418579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778236678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3181456","display_name":"Ontic","level":2,"score":0.7684999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.7462000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110729354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185478","display_name":"Countable set","level":2,"score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21031990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355020","display_name":"Probability measure","level":2,"score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162392398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272404","display_name":"Finite set","level":2,"score":0.40209999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79379906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174497","display_name":"Dynamical systems theory","level":2,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201779956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5426803","display_name":"Ergodicity","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7321624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205","display_name":"Infinity","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44492722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327069","display_name":"Conditional probability","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105932330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631990","display_name":"Subshift of finite type","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61067352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897429","display_name":"Ultrametric space","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2834757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4925424","display_name":"Monotone polygon","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27142425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139334","display_name":"Almost everywhere","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17327563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1991405","display_name":"Nowhere dense set","level":3,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130187892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133327","display_name":"Spacetime","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55375708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201815","display_name":"Null set","level":3,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24075728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24075729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075729","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075729","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.24075728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24075728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981937420","https://openalex.org/W2511346462","https://openalex.org/W3132382977","https://openalex.org/W2910597729","https://openalex.org/W7212423799","https://openalex.org/W7133118515","https://openalex.org/W2962848743","https://openalex.org/W2154147628","https://openalex.org/W3100644549","https://openalex.org/W7221350212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81,161],"Level":[1],"I":[2],"multiverse":[3],"argument":[4],"in":[5,90,108,165,215,266,393],"cosmology":[6],"holds":[7],"that":[8,124,195,435,484],"if":[9],"space":[10,97,110],"is":[11,15,111,184,196,229,272,339,357,391,418,430,449,460,486,499],"infinite":[12,109],"and":[13,70,98,133,212,278,303,336,477,520],"matter":[14],"distributed":[16],"ergodically,":[17],"then":[18],"somewhere":[19],"far":[20],"away":[21],"there":[22],"must":[23],"be":[24,136,286],"infinitely":[25,131,288],"many":[26],"observers":[27],"exactly":[28,47],"identical":[29],"to":[30,66,201,373,408],"us.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"splits":[34],"\u201cexactly":[35],"identical\u201d":[36],"into":[37],"four":[38],"independent":[39],"questions:":[40],"the":[41,48,50,57,61,67,71,75,78,148,154,216,239,242,267,270,273,290,307,331,337,347,355,380,389,397,409,415,421,425,439,443,450,461,464,471,482,495,504,510,524],"ontic":[42],"layer":[43,52,59,73],"(are":[44],"two":[45,162],"objects":[46],"same?),":[49],"epistemic":[51],"(can":[53],"measurement":[54,253,298],"establish":[55],"that?),":[56],"dynamical":[58],"(does":[60],"same":[62,68,76,79,198,308,410,451,462],"initial":[63,447],"state":[64,77,96,448],"lead":[65],"evolution?),":[69],"identity":[72,476],"(is":[74],"individual?).":[80],"main":[82],"results":[83],"are":[84,310,385],"as":[85,139,413,507],"follows.":[86],"(1)":[87],"Ontic":[88],"layer:":[89,251,315,469],"a":[91,94,140,143,177,180,186,193,222,225,252,300,322,327,342,403,492,500],"model":[92,344],"with":[93,150,238],"continuous":[95],"an":[99],"atomless":[100],"conditional":[101,501],"law,":[102],"any":[103],"countable":[104],"family":[105],"of":[106,127,153,231,241,245,254,275,299,306,395,405,424,442,473,478,497,509],"regions":[107],"almost":[112],"surely":[113],"pairwise":[114],"distinct":[115],"(Theorem":[116],"2);":[117],"at":[118,189,203,209,224,452,463],"finite":[119,181,190,210,255,453],"resolution,":[120,191],"spatial":[121],"ergodicity":[122],"implies":[123],"every":[125,204],"class":[126],"positive":[128,207],"probability":[129,208,213],"recurs":[130],"often,":[132],"this":[134,515],"can":[135,257],"stated":[137],"directly":[138],"theorem":[141],"on":[142,346,523],"stationary":[144],"random":[145,440],"field":[146,505],"over":[147,366],"continuum,":[149],"no":[151,334],"partition":[152],"universe":[155],"required":[156],"(Theorems":[157],"1\u2033":[158],",":[159],"3).":[160],"conclusions":[163],"point":[164],"opposite":[166],"directions":[167],"but":[168],"do":[169],"not":[170,244,281,294,431,456,513],"contradict":[171],"each":[172],"other.":[173],"(2)":[174],"Whole":[175],"histories:":[176],"history":[178,459],"within":[179,402],"spacetime":[182],"window":[183],"still":[185],"finite-state":[187],"object":[188],"so":[192],"copy":[194,228],"\u201cthe":[197,282,446,458],"from":[199,221,434],"birth":[200],"death":[202],"moment\u201d":[205,227],"has":[206],"resolution":[211,256],"zero":[214],"exact":[217,474],"sense;":[218],"its":[219],"difference":[220,411],"\u201csame":[223],"single":[226,301],"one":[230,488],"degree":[232],"(the":[233],"recurrence":[234],"interval":[235],"grows":[236],"exponentially":[237],"length":[240],"history),":[243],"kind":[246],"(Proposition":[247,264,325],"4).":[248],"(3)":[249],"Epistemic":[250],"only":[258,487],"falsify":[259],"\u201csameness\u201d,":[260],"never":[261],"confirm":[262],"it":[263],"5);":[265],"quantum":[268],"case":[269],"mechanism":[271],"distinguishability":[274],"non-orthogonal":[276],"states":[277],"sample":[279],"complexity,":[280],"measuring":[283],"tool":[284],"cannot":[285],"made":[287],"small\u201d:":[289],"uncertainty":[291],"relation":[292],"does":[293,455,512],"forbid":[295],"arbitrarily":[296],"precise":[297],"observable,":[302],"elementary":[304],"particles":[305],"species":[309],"strictly":[311],"identical.":[312],"(4)":[313],"Dynamical":[314],"for":[316],"threshold":[317],"spiking":[318],"networks":[319],"we":[320],"prove":[321],"\u201cmargin":[323],"theorem\u201d":[324],"6):":[326],"perturbation":[328],"smaller":[329],"than":[330],"margin":[332,338,356,390],"changes":[333],"spike,":[335],"tight.":[340],"In":[341],"whole-brain":[343],"based":[345],"fruit-fly":[348],"connectome":[349],"(127,400":[350],"neurons,":[351],"14.69":[352],"million":[353],"synapses)":[354],"about":[358],"10\u22124":[359,364,376],"mV":[360,365],"(median":[361],"2.1":[362],"\u00d7":[363,371,375],"12":[367],"conditions,":[368],"range":[369],"4":[370],"10\u22126":[372],"3.3":[374],"mV);":[377],"perturbations":[378],"below":[379],"margin,":[381],"including":[382],"float64":[383],"rounding,":[384],"absorbed":[386],"completely;":[387],"once":[388],"crossed,":[392],"75%":[394],"cases":[396],"microscopic":[398,465],"spike":[399],"trains":[400],"amplify,":[401],"median":[404],"60":[406],"ms,":[407],"rate":[412],"when":[414],"stimulus":[416],"realization":[417],"replaced,":[419],"while":[420],"output":[422],"distribution":[423],"downstream":[426],"motor":[427],"neuron":[428],"MN9":[429],"significantly":[432],"different":[433],"obtained":[436],"by":[437],"changing":[438],"seed":[441],"stimulus.":[444],"Thus":[445],"resolution\u201d":[454],"imply":[457],"level\u201d.":[466],"(5)":[467],"Identity":[468],"under":[470,491],"criteria":[472],"physical":[475],"numerical":[479],"(historical)":[480],"identity,":[481],"claim":[483],"\u201cthere":[485],"me\u201d":[489],"holds;":[490],"functional":[493],"criterion":[494],"existence":[496],"copies":[498],"conclusion;":[502],"counting":[503],"environment":[506],"part":[508],"\u201cstructure\u201d":[511],"change":[514],"unless":[516],"consciousness":[517],"depends":[518],"sensitively":[519],"without":[521],"bound":[522],"environment.":[525]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
