{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225618382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","title":"Contamination of Slag-Derived Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment, and Ceratophyllum demersum Under Ambient Environmental Conditions in Carp Lake, Davenport, IA, USA","display_name":"Contamination of Slag-Derived Heavy Metals in Water, Sediment, and Ceratophyllum demersum Under Ambient Environmental Conditions in Carp Lake, Davenport, IA, USA","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225618382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10500042/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10500042/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025749182","display_name":"Roger C. Viadero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6479","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2519-6479"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117942362","display_name":"Western Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sshz518","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117942362"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger C. Viadero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Western Illinois University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Western Illinois University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117942362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103529246","display_name":"Anshu Singh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anshu Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Riverside Global"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Riverside Global","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161352017","display_name":"Ranbir Kang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ranbir Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennesaw State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennesaw State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161332764","display_name":"E. Dave Thomas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Dave Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["City of Broomfield"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City of Broomfield","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161349221","display_name":"Samuel Babatunde","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Babatunde","raw_affiliation_strings":["SBZ Development, Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SBZ Development, Ltd","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13793","display_name":"Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Studies","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metal-pollution","display_name":"heavy metal contamination","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-water","display_name":"lake water","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-sediments","display_name":"lake sediments","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ceratophyllum-demersum","display_name":"Ceratophyllum demersum","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel","display_name":"nickel","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-leaching","display_name":"metal leaching","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-accumulation-in-plants","display_name":"metal accumulation in plants","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomagnification","display_name":"biomagnification","score":0.9120000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778397663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157385","display_name":"Ceratophyllum demersum","level":4,"score":0.9072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6934999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778891732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751223","display_name":"Carp","level":3,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.6291999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5166401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784525","display_name":"Tailings","level":2,"score":0.4747999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90982505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886","display_name":"Leaching (pedology)","level":3,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40724407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179177","display_name":"Weathering","level":2,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.46160000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34771814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186101","display_name":"Aquatic plant","level":3,"score":0.4498000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776834261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21651","display_name":"Waterfowl","level":3,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175327387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906","display_name":"Aquatic ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8625798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752112","display_name":"Surface water","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8139548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304799","display_name":"Biomagnification","level":3,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90195498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183129","display_name":"Water pollution","level":2,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2816523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180184","display_name":"Sediment","level":2,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204431084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748473","display_name":"Radioecology","level":3,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67715294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170321","display_name":"Wetland","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777777548","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206040","display_name":"Mercury (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159048435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105783","display_name":"Slag (welding)","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16925390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281647","display_name":"Leachate","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2124996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816441","display_name":"Bioremediation","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63797996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q283180","display_name":"Phytoremediation","level":3,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544153396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11426","display_name":"Metal","level":2,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776695260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795843","display_name":"Maximum Contaminant Level","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10500042/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10500042/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10500042/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.7778000235557556},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.5925999879837036}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225618382.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225618382.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83069930","https://openalex.org/W122195273","https://openalex.org/W332650211","https://openalex.org/W1141553373","https://openalex.org/W1490914127","https://openalex.org/W1549552139","https://openalex.org/W1567403597","https://openalex.org/W1981503717","https://openalex.org/W1983359423","https://openalex.org/W1998664839","https://openalex.org/W2009771268","https://openalex.org/W2026354299","https://openalex.org/W2043288354","https://openalex.org/W2053677384","https://openalex.org/W2079012426","https://openalex.org/W2082527466","https://openalex.org/W2089555454","https://openalex.org/W2092980402","https://openalex.org/W2098372861","https://openalex.org/W2136962217","https://openalex.org/W2732523886","https://openalex.org/W2744619649","https://openalex.org/W2763786022","https://openalex.org/W2775106421","https://openalex.org/W2969663498","https://openalex.org/W3015278137","https://openalex.org/W3111223255","https://openalex.org/W3137122280","https://openalex.org/W3204081398","https://openalex.org/W4285048331","https://openalex.org/W4378450699","https://openalex.org/W4382542245","https://openalex.org/W4388833702","https://openalex.org/W4402775979","https://openalex.org/W4411632403","https://openalex.org/W4414149919","https://openalex.org/W7115593116"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285048331","https://openalex.org/W2128292899","https://openalex.org/W2732523886","https://openalex.org/W3126944036","https://openalex.org/W2040546175","https://openalex.org/W4407942827","https://openalex.org/W4406105783","https://openalex.org/W2811008120","https://openalex.org/W3005915445","https://openalex.org/W2327362077"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Metal":[1,129],"processing":[2],"has":[3],"played":[4],"a":[5,25,44,231],"key":[6],"role":[7,229],"in":[8,24,83,126,131,175,182,200,212,238],"modern":[9],"industrial":[10],"development.":[11],"In":[12],"addition":[13],"to":[14,79,89,118,167,221],"economic":[15],"prosperity,":[16],"the":[17,49,80,122,163,168,216],"residuals":[18],"from":[19,39,225],"these":[20],"processes":[21],"have":[22,90],"resulted":[23],"legacy":[26],"of":[27,36,46,51,68,121,188],"environmental":[28,57,66],"contamination.":[29],"While":[30,209],"there":[31,42],"are":[32],"numerous":[33],"laboratory":[34],"studies":[35],"metal":[37,158,210,234],"leaching":[38],"slag":[40,53,72,169],"piles,":[41],"remains":[43,244],"lack":[45],"information":[47],"on":[48,62],"impacts":[50],"iron":[52,71],"weathering":[54,67],"under":[55],"ambient":[56],"conditions.":[58],"This":[59],"study":[60],"builds":[61],"previous":[63],"work":[64],"where":[65],"an":[69,245],"abandoned":[70],"pile":[73],"at":[74,162,203],"Carp":[75,137,176,226],"Lake,":[76,227],"located":[77,165],"adjacent":[78],"Mississippi":[81],"River":[82],"Davenport,":[84],"Iowa,":[85],"USA,":[86],"was":[87],"found":[88],"contaminated":[91],"soils":[92],"and":[93,101,107,116,141,152,184,193,196,236,241],"terrestrial":[94],"vegetation":[95,108],"with":[96],"cadmium,":[97],"copper,":[98],"nickel,":[99],"lead,":[100],"zinc.":[102],"Lake":[103,177],"water,":[104],"lake":[105],"sediment,":[106],"(":[109],"Ceratophyllum":[110],"demersum":[111,172],")":[112],"were":[113,133,160,198],"collected,":[114],"processed,":[115],"analyzed":[117],"determine":[119],"concentrations":[120,130,143,159,187,211],"previously":[123],"cited":[124],"metals":[125,224],"each":[127],"compartment.":[128],"water":[132],"distributed":[134],"homogeneously":[135],"across":[136],"Lake.":[138],"Notably,":[139],"Cd":[140,195],"Pb":[142],"exceeded":[144,206],"US":[145],"Environmental":[146],"Protection":[147],"Agency":[148],"criteria":[149],"for":[150,233,248],"acute":[151],"chronic":[153],"exposure,":[154],"respectively.":[155],"Average":[156],"sediment":[157],"highest":[161],"site":[164],"closest":[166],"pile.":[170],"C.":[171],"(coontail)":[173],"appeared":[174],"after":[178],"major":[179],"regional":[180],"flooding":[181],"2019":[183],"contained":[185],"measurable":[186],"Cd,":[189],"Cu,":[190],"Ni,":[191],"Pb,":[192],"Zn;":[194],"Ni":[197],"present":[199],"plant":[201,217],"tissue":[202],"levels":[204],"that":[205,215],"literature":[207],"reports.":[208],"coontail":[213],"suggested":[214],"might":[218],"be":[219],"used":[220],"recover":[222],"select":[223],"its":[228],"as":[230],"pathway":[232],"accumulation":[235],"biomagnification":[237],"aquatic":[239],"wildlife":[240],"migratory":[242],"waterfowl":[243],"important":[246],"issue":[247],"further":[249],"study.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}