{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225618240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","title":"Arterial thromboembolic events during long-term intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy: incidence, associated factors, and mortality in a retrospective cohort study","display_name":"Arterial thromboembolic events during long-term intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy: incidence, associated factors, and mortality in a retrospective cohort study","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225618240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49440999","display_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","issn_l":"1471-2415","issn":["1471-2415"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091984259","display_name":"\u00d6zge Sar\u0131ta\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-3669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-3669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150808","display_name":"Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ryemn72","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150808"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ozge Saritas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-3669","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048294655","display_name":"Melih Aky\u00fcz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-3947","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-3947"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4399598363","display_name":"Ankara Bilkent City Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/033fqnp11","country_code":"TR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4399598363"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melih Aky\u00fcz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4399598363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161313247","display_name":"Esra Yigit Gokpinar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95634034","display_name":"Gazi University","ror":"https://ror.org/054xkpr46","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esra Yigit Gokpinar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Gazi University, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95634034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035761302","display_name":"Yelda Y\u0131ld\u0131z Ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-1646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2741-1646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150808","display_name":"Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ryemn72","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150808"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yelda Yildiz Tasci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150808"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062292930","display_name":"Yasin Toklu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150808","display_name":"Ankara Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Beyaz\u0131t University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ryemn72","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150808"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasin Toklu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150808"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091984259"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150808"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10285","display_name":"Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2724","display_name":"Internal Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11194","display_name":"Ocular Diseases and Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Syndrome","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arterial-thromboembolism","display_name":"arterial thromboembolism","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intravitreal-anti-vegf-therapy","display_name":"intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/myocardial-infarction","display_name":"myocardial infarction","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ischemic-stroke","display_name":"ischemic stroke","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-cause-mortality","display_name":"all-cause mortality","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neovascular-age-related-macular-degeneration","display_name":"neovascular age-related macular degeneration","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-macular-edema","display_name":"diabetic macular edema","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-vein-occlusion","display_name":"retinal vein occlusion","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competing-risks","display_name":"competing risks","score":0.3959999978542328}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9710000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88879693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217690","display_name":"Cumulative incidence","level":3,"score":0.739799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.6934999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.6474000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207103383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3930246","display_name":"Hazard ratio","level":3,"score":0.6284999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.44279998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500558357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12152","display_name":"Myocardial infarction","level":2,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10515644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543310","display_name":"Survival analysis","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780868729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q261327","display_name":"Thrombosis","level":2,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49440999","display_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","issn_l":"1471-2415","issn":["1471-2415"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05495-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49440999","display_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","issn_l":"1471-2415","issn":["1471-2415"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMC Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973190063","https://openalex.org/W1175124667","https://openalex.org/W4387868988","https://openalex.org/W2909680895","https://openalex.org/W4376132977","https://openalex.org/W2167978843","https://openalex.org/W1612683729","https://openalex.org/W4391068093","https://openalex.org/W3174078113","https://openalex.org/W2791499780"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Repeated":[2],"intravitreal":[3,52,340],"anti-vascular":[4],"endothelial":[5],"growth":[6],"factor":[7],"(anti-VEGF)":[8],"injections":[9,117],"raise":[10],"concern":[11],"about":[12],"systemic":[13],"arterial":[14,151,245,286,310],"thromboembolic":[15,24,152,191,242,246,287,311],"events.":[16,243],"We":[17],"evaluated":[18,106],"the":[19,29,82,94,187,210,261,279],"cumulative":[20,114,162,179,281,297],"incidence":[21,90,163,282],"of":[22,31,116,142,190,283],"first":[23,83,150,285],"events,":[25],"associated":[26,185,240,249,314],"factors,":[27],"and":[28,69,72,118,168,174,233,319],"association":[30,208,262,294,321],"incident":[32],"events":[33,192,247,312],"with":[34,93,107,111,126,130,186,241,250,260,295,315],"all-cause":[35,252,317],"mortality":[36,253],"in":[37,209,224,265,323],"a":[38,100,112,121,131,139,149,284],"treated":[39,277],"cohort.":[40],"Methods":[41],"This":[42],"single-centre":[43],"retrospective":[44],"cohort":[45],"study":[46],"included":[47],"321":[48],"patients":[49,146],"who":[50],"initiated":[51],"therapy":[53],"for":[54],"neovascular":[55],"age-related":[56],"macular":[57,60],"degeneration,":[58],"diabetic":[59],"edema,":[61],"or":[62,86,336],"retinal":[63],"vein":[64],"occlusion":[65],"between":[66],"April":[67,70],"2019":[68],"2025":[71],"were":[73,105,237,248,313],"followed":[74],"until":[75],"September":[76],"2026.":[77],"The":[78,160],"primary":[79,211],"outcome":[80],"was":[81,91,124,164,182,221,289,300],"myocardial":[84],"infarction":[85],"ischemic":[87,157],"stroke.":[88],"Cumulative":[89],"estimated":[92],"Aalen\u2013Johansen":[95],"method,":[96],"treating":[97],"death":[98],"as":[99],"competing":[101],"event.":[102],"Associated":[103],"factors":[104],"cause-specific":[108,188],"Cox":[109,128],"models":[110],"time-updated":[113,234,296],"number":[115],"covariates":[119],"selected":[120],"priori.":[122],"Mortality":[123],"assessed":[125],"time-dependent":[127],"regression,":[129],"sensitivity":[132,226,266,324],"analysis":[133,267],"excluding":[134],"same-day":[135],"deaths.":[136],"Results":[137],"During":[138],"median":[140],"follow-up":[141],"45.6":[143],"months,":[144,176],"28":[145],"(8.7%)":[147],"had":[148,205],"event":[153,288],"(myocardial":[154],"infarction,":[155],"16;":[156],"stroke,":[158],"12).":[159],"competing-risk":[161],"2.1%,":[165],"5.7%,":[166],"8.5%,":[167],"10.1%":[169],"at":[170],"12,":[171],"24,":[172],"36,":[173],"48":[175],"respectively.":[177],"Time-updated":[178],"injection":[180,298],"count":[181,299],"not":[183,238],"significantly":[184,239],"hazard":[189],"(hazard":[193,213],"ratio":[194,214],"1.06":[195],"per":[196],"five":[197],"injections;":[198],"95%":[199,216,257,271],"confidence":[200,217],"interval":[201,218],"0.84\u20131.34).":[202],"Diabetes":[203,228],"mellitus":[204],"an":[206,327],"imprecise":[207],"model":[212],"3.18;":[215],"0.79\u201312.77)":[219],"that":[220],"statistically":[222],"significant":[223,293],"two":[225],"models.":[227],"duration,":[229],"baseline":[230],"glycated":[231],"hemoglobin,":[232],"bilateral":[235],"treatment":[236],"Incident":[244,309],"higher":[251,316],"(adjusted":[254,268],"HR":[255,269],"10.61;":[256],"CI":[258,272],"3.95\u201328.47),":[259],"remaining":[263],"elevated":[264],"3.80;":[270],"1.29\u201311.18).":[273],"Conclusions":[274],"In":[275],"this":[276,320],"cohort,":[278],"four-year":[280],"approximately":[290],"10%.":[291],"No":[292],"detected,":[301],"although":[302],"clinically":[303],"important":[304],"associations":[305],"cannot":[306,332],"be":[307],"excluded.":[308],"mortality,":[318],"persisted":[322],"analysis.":[325],"Without":[326],"untreated":[328],"comparator,":[329],"these":[330],"findings":[331],"establish":[333],"cardiovascular":[334],"safety":[335],"harm":[337],"attributable":[338],"to":[339],"anti-VEGF":[341],"therapy.":[342],"Trial":[343],"registration":[344],"Not":[345],"applicable.":[346]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}