{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225617197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","title":"Quantifying Spatial Discrepancies in Gamma-Ray Bursts with Information Entropy","display_name":"Quantifying Spatial Discrepancies in Gamma-Ray Bursts with Information Entropy","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225617197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28111234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020584994","display_name":"Istv\u00e1n I. R\u00e1cz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-6933","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-6933"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331168281","display_name":"Ludovika University of Public Service","ror":"https://ror.org/040yeqy86","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Istv\u00e1n I. R\u00e1cz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Sciences, University of Public Services, H-1441 Budapest, Hungary","Kand\u00f3 K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Obuda University, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-6933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Public Services, H-1441 Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kand\u00f3 K\u00e1lm\u00e1n Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Obuda University, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008663930","display_name":"Zolt\u00e1n Benk\u0151","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7642-2273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7642-2273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331168281","display_name":"Ludovika University of Public Service","ror":"https://ror.org/040yeqy86","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoltan Benko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Warfare, University of Public Services, H-1441 Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7642-2273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Warfare, University of Public Services, H-1441 Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030510152","display_name":"Z. Bagoly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-7594","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-7594"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106118109","display_name":"E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University","ror":"https://ror.org/01jsq2704","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1331168281","display_name":"Ludovika University of Public Service","ror":"https://ror.org/040yeqy86","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zsolt Bagoly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Sciences, University of Public Services, H-1441 Budapest, Hungary","Department of Physics of Complex Systems, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2679-7594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Public Services, H-1441 Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1331168281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics of Complex Systems, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106118109"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020584994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709","https://openalex.org/I1331168281"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"11","first_page":"1234","last_page":"1234"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11323","display_name":"Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.004000000189989805,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-ray-bursts","display_name":"gamma-ray bursts","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-bias","display_name":"spatial bias","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-selection-effects","display_name":"observational selection effects","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inhomogeneous-poisson-point-process","display_name":"inhomogeneous Poisson point process","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jensen-shannon-divergence","display_name":"Jensen-Shannon divergence","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-scale-structure","display_name":"large-scale structure","score":0.722000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.6765000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6312999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.6280999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4681999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.46389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.4602999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88871306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208287","display_name":"Point process","level":2,"score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124551494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055345","display_name":"Differential entropy","level":4,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.3555999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9679016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417473","display_name":"Principle of maximum entropy","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117236510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113620","display_name":"Overdispersion","level":4,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138695830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial dependence","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512234","display_name":"Sigma","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998314","display_name":"Observational cosmology","level":4,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43596424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98124957","display_name":"Probability and statistics","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2590000033378601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28111234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/e28111234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/e28111234","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S195231649","display_name":"Entropy","issn_l":"1099-4300","issn":["1099-4300"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Entropy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207478915","https://openalex.org/W2594760223","https://openalex.org/W3022249453","https://openalex.org/W3012287384","https://openalex.org/W3206667367","https://openalex.org/W3032909166","https://openalex.org/W4283329639","https://openalex.org/W7160166458","https://openalex.org/W2058872030","https://openalex.org/W1968315825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assessing":[0],"whether":[1,33],"different":[2,66],"observational":[3,54],"selection":[4,119],"effects":[5,193],"and":[6,19,43,60,63,80,117,132,142,168,173,176],"spectroscopic":[7,67],"redshift":[8,68],"determination":[9,69,218],"methods":[10,70,219],"introduce":[11],"spatial":[12,50,86,122,140,205],"biases":[13],"is":[14,200],"critical":[15],"for":[16,83,156,163,171,180],"reliable":[17],"cosmological":[18,226],"large-scale":[20,185],"structure":[21],"studies.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24,85],"paper,":[25],"we":[26],"address":[27],"the":[28,107,126,139,147,157,196,208],"fundamental":[29],"scientific":[30],"question":[31],"of":[32,100,114,146,203],"Gamma-Ray":[34],"Burst":[35],"subsets":[36,55,149],"obtained":[37],"via":[38],"rapid":[39],"optical":[40],"afterglow":[41],"follow-ups":[42],"host":[44],"galaxy":[45],"observations":[46],"share":[47],"an":[48,101],"identical":[49],"distribution.":[51],"These":[52],"two":[53,148],"are":[56,96,150],"denoted":[57],"as":[58,72,98,195],"A":[59],"H,":[61],"respectively,":[62],"correspond":[64],"to":[65,190],"acting":[71],"virtual":[73],"detectors.":[74],"We":[75],"demonstrate":[76,137],"a":[77,111],"strict":[78],"theoretical":[79],"statistical":[81],"framework":[82],"testing":[84],"invariance":[87],"hypothesis":[88],"using":[89],"Swift":[90],"Satellite":[91],"data.":[92],"The":[93],"observed":[94],"events":[95],"modeled":[97],"realizations":[99],"inhomogeneous":[102],"Poisson":[103],"point":[104],"process":[105],"on":[106],"celestial":[108],"sphere,":[109],"applying":[110],"comprehensive":[112],"suite":[113],"non-parametric,":[115],"information-theoretic,":[116],"model":[118,164],"techniques,":[120],"including":[121],"relative":[123],"risk":[124],"functions,":[125],"Syrjala":[127,158],"test,":[128,159],"parametric":[129],"bootstrap":[130],"procedures,":[131],"Wasserstein/Jensen\u2013Shannon":[133],"divergences.":[134],"Our":[135],"results":[136],"that":[138,214],"distributions":[141],"scale-dependent":[143],"clustering":[144],"properties":[145],"statistically":[151],"indistinguishable":[152],"(p":[153],"=":[154,161,178],"0.41":[155],"p":[160,177],"0.76":[162],"selection,":[165],"JSD=0.335":[166],"nats":[167],"W1=0.230":[169],"rad.":[170],"information":[172],"transport":[174],"metrics,":[175],"0.65":[179],"Ripley\u2019s":[181],"L-function).":[182],"Although":[183],"shared":[184],"structural":[186],"residuals":[187],"appear":[188],"due":[189],"unmodeled":[191],"background":[192],"(such":[194],"galactic":[197],"plane),":[198],"there":[199],"no":[201],"evidence":[202],"differential":[204],"bias":[206],"between":[207],"subsets.":[209],"Consequently,":[210],"these":[211],"findings":[212],"confirm":[213],"data":[215],"from":[216],"both":[217],"can":[220],"be":[221],"reliably":[222],"combined":[223],"in":[224],"future":[225],"applications.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
