{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225616705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","title":"A Resilient and Efficient Low-Latency Hybrid Routing Algorithm for LEO Constellations","display_name":"A Resilient and Efficient Low-Latency Hybrid Routing Algorithm for LEO Constellations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225616705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13111039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083558316","display_name":"Miguel A. Salas\u2010Natera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-1659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-1659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405253306","display_name":"Information Processing and Telecommunications Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00hcf7151","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405253306","https://openalex.org/I88060688"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miguel A. Salas-Natera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Procesamiento de Informaci\u00f3n y Telecomunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4666-1659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Procesamiento de Informaci\u00f3n y Telecomunicaciones, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405253306","https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161351499","display_name":"Andrea Gonz\u00e1lez Corcobado","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Gonz\u00e1lez Corcobado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Radiaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Radiaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161323547","display_name":"Noelia Alfayate Alonso","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noelia Alfayate Alonso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Radiaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Radiaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicaci\u00f3n, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083558316"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405253306","https://openalex.org/I88060688"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"1039","last_page":"1039"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11701","display_name":"Space Satellite Systems and Control","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7142000198364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779784338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967145","display_name":"Satellite constellation","level":3,"score":0.5846999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.49300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173870130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8548","display_name":"Dijkstra's algorithm","level":4,"score":0.45739999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4555000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.4296000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.36320000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111852164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414679","display_name":"Handover","level":2,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018325918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663611","display_name":"Low earth orbit","level":3,"score":0.35120001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.3504999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1937518","display_name":"Reservation","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90806461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144416","display_name":"Propagation delay","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13111039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/aerospace13111039","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13111039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169245","display_name":"Aerospace","issn_l":"2226-4310","issn":["2226-4310"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aerospace","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"Earth":[1],"Orbit":[2],"(LEO)":[3],"satellite":[4,49,141],"constellations":[5],"are":[6],"emerging":[7],"as":[8],"a":[9,27,33,42,67,88],"key":[10],"enabler":[11],"of":[12,57,92,122],"next-generation":[13],"global":[14],"communications,":[15],"but":[16],"achieving":[17,87],"low-latency":[18],"and":[19,104,118,125,136,142,154,163,180],"reliable":[20],"routing":[21,35,170],"across":[22],"inter-satellite":[23,62],"links":[24],"(ISLs)":[25],"remains":[26],"major":[28],"challenge.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"proposes":[32],"hybrid":[34],"strategy,":[36],"termed":[37],"Hybrid":[38],"DCLT-A*,":[39],"which":[40],"combines":[41],"Delay-Constrained":[43],"Longest":[44],"Lifetime":[45],"(DCLT)":[46],"metric":[47],"for":[48,61,102],"access":[50,190],"point":[51],"selection":[52],"with":[53,99,177],"the":[54,58,74,109,113],"heuristic":[55],"efficiency":[56],"A*":[59],"algorithm":[60,75],"pathfinding.":[63],"Using":[64],"simulations":[65],"over":[66],"realistic":[68],"Iridium-like":[69],"constellation":[70],"(66-satellite":[71],"reference":[72],"geometry),":[73],"demonstrates":[76],"near-optimal":[77],"delay":[78,91],"performance":[79],"under":[80,95,171],"dynamic":[81,96],"ISLs":[82],"while":[83],"improving":[84],"path":[85],"stability,":[86],"mean":[89],"propagation":[90,120],"49.17":[93],"ms":[94,101],"ISLs,":[97,108,131],"compared":[98],"48.77":[100],"Dijkstra":[103],"A*.":[105],"Under":[106,129],"fixed":[107,130],"three":[110],"methods":[111],"have":[112],"same":[114],"reported":[115],"peak,":[116],"mean,":[117],"RMS":[119],"delays":[121],"57.95,":[123],"50.97,":[124],"51.11":[126],"ms,":[127],"respectively.":[128],"it":[132],"matches":[133],"state-of-the-art":[134],"schemes":[135],"exhibits":[137],"superior":[138,192],"robustness":[139],"to":[140,149,182],"link":[143,157],"failures.":[144],"The":[145],"framework":[146],"is":[147],"extended":[148],"include":[150],"user":[151],"priorities,":[152],"payload":[153],"ISL":[155,161],"health,":[156],"budget":[158],"feasibility,":[159],"bandwidth,":[160],"bitrate,":[162],"transmit":[164],"power":[165],"constraints,":[166],"enabling":[167],"adaptive,":[168],"resource-aware":[169],"degraded":[172],"network":[173],"conditions,":[174],"including":[175],"cases":[176],"100":[178],"users":[179],"up":[181],"20":[183],"gateways.":[184],"They":[185],"do":[186],"not":[187],"establish":[188],"reduced":[189],"handovers,":[191],"comparative":[193],"resilience,":[194],"or":[195],"large-scale":[196],"computational":[197],"performance.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T13:44:29.811591","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}