{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225616670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","title":"Explainable machine learning for trip-level driving behaviour profiling from smartphone telematics in road freight operations","display_name":"Explainable machine learning for trip-level driving behaviour profiling from smartphone telematics in road freight operations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225616670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198226005099/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230100","display_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","issn_l":"2590-1982","issn":["2590-1982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198226005099/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097356397","display_name":"Pedro Entringer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153204","display_name":"Universidade Portucalense","ror":"https://ror.org/05wm6p530","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263276","display_name":"REMIT \u2013 Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwr9r57","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204","https://openalex.org/I4405263276"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Entringer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies (REMIT), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies (REMIT), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204","https://openalex.org/I4405263276"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003374788","display_name":"F\u00e1tima Leal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4418-2590","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4418-2590"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153204","display_name":"Universidade Portucalense","ror":"https://ror.org/05wm6p530","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263276","display_name":"REMIT \u2013 Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwr9r57","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204","https://openalex.org/I4405263276"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"F\u00e1tima Leal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies (REMIT), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4418-2590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies (REMIT), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204","https://openalex.org/I4405263276"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085465653","display_name":"Micaela Moreira Pinho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-9141","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-9141"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153204","display_name":"Universidade Portucalense","ror":"https://ror.org/05wm6p530","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405263276","display_name":"REMIT \u2013 Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies","ror":"https://ror.org/04kwr9r57","country_code":"PT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204","https://openalex.org/I4405263276"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micaela Pinho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Portucalense Legal Institute (IJP), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal","Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies (REMIT), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2021-9141","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Portucalense Legal Institute (IJP), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research on Economics, Management and Information Technologies (REMIT), Portucalense University, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204","https://openalex.org/I4405263276"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003374788"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204","https://openalex.org/I4405263276"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2400},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2400},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":null,"first_page":"102344","last_page":"102344"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.5015000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.19140000641345978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.09009999781847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-machine-learning","display_name":"explainable machine learning","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eco-driving","display_name":"eco-driving","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-ablation","display_name":"feature ablation","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driver-safety","display_name":"driver safety","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions","display_name":"emissions","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89074322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485669","display_name":"Telematics","level":2,"score":0.8172000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.517799973487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46860000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.45570001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42719998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.3772999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5481197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16766476","display_name":"Decision tree learning","level":3,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157085824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384809","display_name":"TRIPS architecture","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183121708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209867","display_name":"Telemetry","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992584562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580939","display_name":"Commercial vehicle","level":2,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198226005099/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230100","display_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","issn_l":"2590-1982","issn":["2590-1982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.upt.pt:11328/7590","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11328/7590","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055164","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3rio da Universidade Portucalense","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2026.102344","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198226005099/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210230100","display_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","issn_l":"2590-1982","issn":["2590-1982"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6773999929428101}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225616670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225616670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2116515288","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2605751614","https://openalex.org/W2914465653","https://openalex.org/W2950684031","https://openalex.org/W4319663621","https://openalex.org/W4387330759","https://openalex.org/W4388273953"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4397004885","https://openalex.org/W4280620202","https://openalex.org/W7204076585","https://openalex.org/W7130825043","https://openalex.org/W4385286621","https://openalex.org/W4412157012","https://openalex.org/W7225384986","https://openalex.org/W2039784501","https://openalex.org/W2605751614","https://openalex.org/W7168089818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-cost":[0],"smartphone":[1],"telematics":[2],"can":[3],"support":[4,160],"transparent":[5],"trip-level":[6],"profiling":[7],"in":[8],"road":[9],"freight":[10,24],"operations,":[11],"but":[12],"telemetry-derived":[13],"labels":[14],"require":[15],"careful":[16],"interpretation.":[17,194],"We":[18],"analyse":[19],"an":[20,164],"extract":[21],"of":[22,96,163,172],"52":[23],"trips":[25],"by":[26],"12":[27],"drivers":[28],"(11,434.91":[29],"km)":[30],"associated":[31],"with":[32],"a":[33,78],"platform":[34],"reporting":[35],"753,021":[36],"source":[37],"location":[38],"records.":[39],"Distance-normalised":[40],"acceleration,":[41],"braking":[42],"and":[43,57,72,83,87,101,111,121,131,141,150,183,187,192],"route-alert":[44],"indicators":[45,110],"were":[46,75,129],"used":[47,61],"to":[48,119,139],"construct":[49],"four":[50],"rule-based":[51],"operational":[52,165],"tiers":[53],"(Excellent,":[54],"Good,":[55],"Moderate":[56],"Poor);":[58],"K-means":[59],"was":[60],"for":[62,98,103],"exploratory":[63],"description":[64],"only.":[65],"Decision":[66],"tree":[67],"(DT),":[68],"random":[69],"forest":[70],"(RF)":[71],"k-nearest":[73],"neighbours":[74],"evaluated":[76],"using":[77,133],"driver-grouped":[79],"hold-out":[80],"(37":[81],"training":[82],"15":[84],"test":[85],"trips)":[86],"leave-one-driver-out":[88,126],"cross-validation.":[89],"In":[90],"the":[91,104,108,134],"hold-out,":[92],"RF":[93,117,127],"achieved":[94],"accuracies":[95,128],"0.867":[97],"driving":[99],"behaviour":[100],"0.933":[102],"eco-driving":[105],"proxy.":[106],"Removing":[107],"score-generating":[109],"their":[112],"algebraically":[113],"related":[114],"features":[115],"reduced":[116],"accuracy":[118],"0.467":[120],"0.533,":[122],"respectively.":[123],"The":[124,158,179],"corresponding":[125],"0.942":[130],"0.962":[132],"full":[135],"feature":[136,146],"set,":[137],"decreasing":[138],"0.385":[140],"0.365,":[142],"respectively,":[143],"under":[144],"strict":[145],"ablation.":[147],"Class-specific":[148],"errors":[149],"local":[151],"surrogate":[152],"explanations":[153],"further":[154],"characterised":[155],"model":[156],"behaviour.":[157],"results":[159],"reproducible":[161],"assignment":[162],"telemetry":[166],"taxonomy,":[167],"not":[168],"independently":[169],"validated":[170],"predictions":[171],"driver":[173,181],"safety,":[174],"energy":[175],"consumption":[176],"or":[177],"emissions.":[178],"small":[180],"cohort":[182],"missing":[184],"vehicle,":[185],"traffic":[186],"payload":[188],"information":[189],"limit":[190],"generalisation":[191],"causal":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
