{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225616571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Alginate and Maltodextrin as Binder Systems for Cast Sodium Chloride (NaCl)-Based Composites","display_name":"A Comparative Evaluation of Alginate and Maltodextrin as Binder Systems for Cast Sodium Chloride (NaCl)-Based Composites","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225616571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161321927","display_name":"Julia Arsanious","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266782","display_name":"German International University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j3zem39","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266782"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Arsanious","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Architectural Engineering, German International University, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Architectural Engineering, German International University, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081135559","display_name":"Nesma Ahmed Fadda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5033-315X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5033-315X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266782","display_name":"German International University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j3zem39","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266782"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nesma Fadda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Architectural Engineering, German International University, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5033-315X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Architectural Engineering, German International University, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161307019","display_name":"Ayman Hassaan Mahmoud","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266782","display_name":"German International University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j3zem39","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266782"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Hassaan Mahmoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Architectural Engineering, German International University, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Architectural Engineering, German International University, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11835, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5161307019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266782"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"11401","last_page":"11401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11672","display_name":"Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production","score":0.3953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11672","display_name":"Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production","score":0.3953000009059906,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.14069999754428864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11643","display_name":"Building materials and conservation","score":0.07689999788999557,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sodium-alginate","display_name":"sodium alginate","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maltodextrin","display_name":"maltodextrin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biodegradable-binders","display_name":"biodegradable binders","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desalination-brine","display_name":"desalination brine","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexural-strength","display_name":"flexural strength","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensional-shrinkage","display_name":"dimensional shrinkage","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcium-crosslinking","display_name":"calcium crosslinking","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deliquescence","display_name":"deliquescence","score":0.6330000162124634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777846834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177570","display_name":"Maltodextrin","level":3,"score":0.9182999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178405089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857201","display_name":"Flexural strength","level":2,"score":0.8891000151634216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6615999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.6226999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104779481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50707","display_name":"Composite number","level":2,"score":0.5900999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5730999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C537181965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658","display_name":"Sodium","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C809718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5459047","display_name":"Flexural modulus","level":3,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992618853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422092","display_name":"Sodium alginate","level":3,"score":0.43619999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.430400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778695967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44791900","display_name":"Chloride","level":2,"score":0.3564999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779805667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816713","display_name":"Wood flour","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777230088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864426","display_name":"Biocompatibility","level":2,"score":0.27140000462532043}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su182111401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su182111401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.807699978351593}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971500643","https://openalex.org/W1971798899","https://openalex.org/W2036058283","https://openalex.org/W2062270991","https://openalex.org/W2152752336","https://openalex.org/W2291123847","https://openalex.org/W2304930012","https://openalex.org/W3195631572","https://openalex.org/W4205813880","https://openalex.org/W4305014662","https://openalex.org/W4388283816","https://openalex.org/W4400452822","https://openalex.org/W4403935453","https://openalex.org/W4404298041","https://openalex.org/W4405376426","https://openalex.org/W4407382554","https://openalex.org/W4408829157","https://openalex.org/W4409156975","https://openalex.org/W4410174813","https://openalex.org/W4411352676","https://openalex.org/W4415813010","https://openalex.org/W7119127811","https://openalex.org/W7128819242","https://openalex.org/W7164588498","https://openalex.org/W7165783379"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388283816","https://openalex.org/W4401539831","https://openalex.org/W7204180470","https://openalex.org/W4400602109","https://openalex.org/W2341746575","https://openalex.org/W7213877065","https://openalex.org/W2771952605","https://openalex.org/W2958579047","https://openalex.org/W2088625282","https://openalex.org/W1976142924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"arid,":[1],"desalination-dependent":[2],"regions,":[3],"byproduct":[4],"sodium":[5,39,74],"chloride":[6,40],"(NaCl)":[7,41],"presents":[8],"both":[9],"an":[10,14],"environmental":[11],"burden":[12],"and":[13,21,66,76,83,94,100,109,128,165,200,231,249],"unexplored":[15],"feedstock":[16],"opportunity.":[17],"The":[18,260],"intensive":[19],"sourcing":[20],"disposal":[22],"of":[23,38],"conventional":[24],"materials":[25],"is":[26,274],"increasing":[27],"the":[28,36,157,206,246],"need":[29],"for":[30,58,91,111,219,276],"sustainable":[31],"alternatives.":[32],"This":[33,169],"study":[34],"investigates":[35],"transformation":[37],"into":[42],"a":[43,55,216],"cast":[44],"composite":[45],"made":[46],"with":[47,118,156,267],"biodegradable,":[48],"carbohydrate-based":[49],"binders,":[50],"using":[51,73],"lab-grade":[52],"NaCl":[53,208,221],"as":[54],"standardized":[56],"proxy":[57],"brine-derived":[59,62],"salt;":[60],"no":[61],"salt":[63,268],"was":[64,68],"tested,":[65],"biodegradation":[67],"not":[69,256],"evaluated.":[70],"Eight":[71],"formulations":[72,154,202],"alginate":[75,153,244],"maltodextrin":[77],"binders":[78],"at":[79,136,140],"0%,":[80],"5%,":[81],"10%,":[82],"15%":[84],"w/w":[85],"dry":[86],"solid":[87],"concentration":[88],"were":[89,104,188],"evaluated":[90],"moldability,":[92],"flexural":[93,119,164,192,217],"compressive":[95,124,196],"strength,":[96],"hygroscopic":[97,129],"mass":[98,130],"gain,":[99],"dimensional":[101],"shrinkage.":[102],"Specimens":[103],"hand-cast":[105,220],"in":[106,181],"silicone":[107],"molds":[108],"cured":[110],"14":[112,134],"days":[113,135],"(25":[114],"\u00b0C,":[115],"50%":[116],"RH),":[117],"strength":[120,125],"tested":[121],"on":[122,126],"prisms,":[123],"cubes,":[127],"gain":[131],"measured":[132],"after":[133],"70%":[137],"RH.":[138],"Maltodextrin":[139,242],"5%":[141],"achieved":[142],"optimal":[143,233],"performance":[144],"(4.09":[145],"MPa":[146,149,163,167],"flexural,":[147],"5.88":[148],"compressive),":[150],"while":[151],"all":[152,201],"underperformed,":[155],"best":[158],"(5%)":[159],"reaching":[160],"only":[161],"1.10":[162],"2.88":[166],"compressive.":[168],"could":[170],"be":[171],"attributed":[172],"to":[173],"incomplete":[174],"Ca2+":[175],"diffusion":[176],"under":[177,245],"surface-spray":[178],"cross-linking":[179,250],"used":[180],"this":[182],"study.":[183],"Differences":[184],"between":[185,225],"binder":[186,228,234,258],"systems":[187],"statistically":[189],"significant":[190],"(pooled":[191],"p":[193,197],"<":[194],"0.001;":[195],"=":[198],"0.003),":[199],"remained":[203],"stable":[204],"below":[205],"75.3%":[207],"deliquescence":[209],"threshold":[210],"(70\u201375%":[211],"RH).":[212],"These":[213],"findings":[214],"establish":[215],"dataset":[218],"composites,":[222],"comparative":[223],"evaluation":[224],"2":[226],"different":[227],"formulation-and-process":[229],"systems,":[230],"show":[232],"concentrations":[235],"diverge":[236],"from":[237,270],"digitally":[238],"fabricated":[239],"literature":[240],"(11\u201320%).":[241],"outperformed":[243],"water":[247],"contents":[248],"protocol":[251],"tested;":[252],"these":[253],"results":[254,261],"do":[255],"isolate":[257],"chemistry.":[259],"indicate":[262],"material-level":[263],"feasibility":[264],"only;":[265],"validation":[266],"recovered":[269],"actual":[271],"desalination":[272],"brine":[273],"left":[275],"future":[277],"work.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
