{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225616540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","title":"A cost-benefit analysis of an intervention to increase the number of deep end GP training practices in the North East of England","display_name":"A cost-benefit analysis of an intervention to increase the number of deep end GP training practices in the North East of England","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225616540","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43003657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","pdf_url":"https://bjgpopen.org/content/bjgpoa/early/2026/10/30/BJGPO.2026.0116.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226469","display_name":"BJGP Open","issn_l":"2398-3795","issn":["2398-3795"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311776","host_organization_name":"Royal College of General Practitioners","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311776"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal College of General Practitioners"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BJGP Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bjgpopen.org/content/bjgpoa/early/2026/10/30/BJGPO.2026.0116.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159194378","display_name":"Alisha Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-1371","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-1371"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34931013","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alisha Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration(ARC) for the North-East and North Cumbria (NENC), Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)Health Services and DeliveryResearch (HSDR) Workforce Voices Partnership, Newcastle University, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, UK","Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK nag315@newcastle.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration(ARC) for the North-East and North Cumbria (NENC), Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34931013"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)Health Services and DeliveryResearch (HSDR) Workforce Voices Partnership, Newcastle University, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK nag315@newcastle.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161307806","display_name":"Morgan Beeson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morgan Beeson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Newcastle University Business School, Newcastle University, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002013714","display_name":"Sarah L. Sowden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-3463","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9359-3463"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34931013","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Sowden","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration(ARC) for the North-East and North Cumbria (NENC), Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)Health Services and DeliveryResearch (HSDR) Workforce Voices Partnership, Newcastle University, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, UK","Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Applied Research Collaboration(ARC) for the North-East and North Cumbria (NENC), Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34931013"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR)Health Services and DeliveryResearch (HSDR) Workforce Voices Partnership, Newcastle University, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I84884186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, NewcastleUniversity, Newcastle- upon- Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1226},"apc_paid":{"value":1000,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1226},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"BJGPO.2026.0116","last_page":"BJGPO.2026.0116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.5756999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13896","display_name":"Health Services Management and Policy","score":0.17419999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12847","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Challenges","score":0.08429999649524689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cost-benefit-analysis","display_name":"cost-benefit analysis","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-deprivation","display_name":"socioeconomic deprivation","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deprived-areas","display_name":"underserved areas","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practice-based-training","display_name":"practice-based training","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993950204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11114344","display_name":"North east","level":2,"score":0.698199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61521584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705899","display_name":"Accreditation","level":2,"score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780623907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106394435","display_name":"Disadvantaged","level":2,"score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.5310999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127454912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942582","display_name":"Cost\u2013benefit analysis","level":2,"score":0.5062000155448914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776916960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637156","display_name":"Warrant","level":2,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984752397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259956","display_name":"Primary care","level":2,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780463512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15122700","display_name":"Trainer","level":2,"score":0.41530001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781318095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33127638","display_name":"General practice","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017853928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11114344","display_name":"North west","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776125615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18391886","display_name":"Economic evaluation","level":2,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515549039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754768","display_name":"Cost-effectiveness analysis","level":3,"score":0.3646000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778605646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223729","display_name":"White paper","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778149918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3291156","display_name":"Population health","level":3,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169549615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q939134","display_name":"Return on investment","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019080777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754768","display_name":"Cost effectiveness","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64332521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614165","display_name":"Quality-adjusted life year","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","pdf_url":"https://bjgpopen.org/content/bjgpoa/early/2026/10/30/BJGPO.2026.0116.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226469","display_name":"BJGP Open","issn_l":"2398-3795","issn":["2398-3795"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311776","host_organization_name":"Royal College of General Practitioners","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311776"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal College of General Practitioners"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BJGP Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:43003657","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/43003657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BJGP open","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpo.2026.0116","pdf_url":"https://bjgpopen.org/content/bjgpoa/early/2026/10/30/BJGPO.2026.0116.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210226469","display_name":"BJGP Open","issn_l":"2398-3795","issn":["2398-3795"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311776","host_organization_name":"Royal College of General Practitioners","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311776"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal College of General Practitioners"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BJGP Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.48510000109672546,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.46810001134872437,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.4074000120162964,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319994","display_name":"Department of Health and Social Care","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbpja79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225616540.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225616540.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7154736078","https://openalex.org/W4415299839","https://openalex.org/W4390058450","https://openalex.org/W4386117858","https://openalex.org/W7215057056","https://openalex.org/W1999821858","https://openalex.org/W3197729072","https://openalex.org/W2006026163","https://openalex.org/W4385063920","https://openalex.org/W4362608449"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"There":[1],"are":[2,20,42,149],"a":[3,68,125,128,147,152,183,209],"lack":[4],"of":[5,52,145,160,166,176,180,185],"general":[6],"practitioner":[7],"(GP)":[8],"training":[9],"practices":[10,34,137,195],"(TPs)":[11],"in":[12,85],"socioeconomically":[13,36],"disadvantaged":[14,37],"areas,":[15],"where":[16,39],"recruitment":[17,80],"and":[18,25,66,81,96,105,138,143,163,178,203,238,253],"retention":[19],"challenging.":[21],"The":[22,44],"North":[23,26],"East":[24],"Cumbria":[27],"Deep":[28,53],"End":[29,54],"Network":[30],"(NENC":[31],"DEN)":[32],"supports":[33],"serving":[35],"communities,":[38],"health":[40,103],"needs":[41],"greatest.":[43],"TrainDEEP":[45,92,123,173,207,224],"intervention":[46],"aims":[47],"to":[48,72,78,83,99,200,220,234,250],"increase":[49,251],"the":[50,74,158,164,188,191,231],"number":[51],"TPs":[55],"by":[56,102,122,229],"embedding":[57],"an":[58,117],"experienced":[59],"trainer":[60],"within":[61],"practices,":[62],"providing":[63],"clinical":[64],"capacity":[65,252],"supporting":[67],"GP":[69,108],"(general":[70],"practitioner)":[71],"complete":[73],"Intending":[75],"Trainers":[76],"Course,":[77],"improve":[79],"access":[82],"care":[84],"underserved":[86],"areas.":[87],"AIM:":[88],"To":[89],"evaluate":[90],"whether":[91],"provides":[93],"sufficient":[94],"economic":[95],"operational":[97],"value":[98],"warrant":[100],"investment":[101],"systems":[104,244],"participation":[106],"from":[107,134],"practices.":[109],"DESIGN":[110],"&":[111],"SETTING:":[112],"A":[113],"cost-benefit":[114],"analysis":[115,156],"comparing":[116],"NENC":[118,135],"DEN":[119,136],"practice":[120,126],"supported":[121],"with":[124],"becoming":[127,146],"TP":[129,148,215,236],"independently.":[130],"METHOD:":[131],"Using":[132],"data":[133],"NHS":[139],"England,":[140],"practice-level":[141],"costs":[142,179],"benefits":[144,159,175,202],"estimated":[150],"at":[151],"micro-cost":[153],"level.":[154],"Sensitivity":[155],"varied":[157],"hosting":[161],"registrars":[162],"cost":[165],"locum":[167],"cover.":[168],"RESULTS:":[169],"Over":[170,187],"24":[171],"months,":[172],"generated":[174],"\u00a3139,628":[177],"\u00a324,024,":[181],"yielding":[182],"net-benefit":[184,192],"\u00a3115,604.":[186],"same":[189],"time-horizon,":[190],"for":[193],"unsupported":[194],"was":[196,218],"just":[197],"\u00a336,650":[198],"due":[199],"fewer":[201],"greater":[204,227],"costs.":[205],"Overall,":[206],"produced":[208],"higher":[210],"benefit-cost":[211],"ratio":[212],"than":[213],"independent":[214],"development,":[216],"which":[217],"robust":[219],"sensitivity":[221],"analyses.":[222],"CONCLUSIONS:":[223],"offers":[225],"substantially":[226],"net-benefits":[228],"reducing":[230],"time":[232],"required":[233],"achieve":[235],"accreditation":[237],"enabling":[239],"earlier":[240],"training-related":[241],"benefits.":[242],"Health":[243],"should":[245],"consider":[246],"adopting":[247],"this":[248],"model":[249],"reduce":[254],"inequalities.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
