{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225615895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c10800","title":"Electrochemical Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Direct Regeneration, Electrochemical Leaching, and Selective Separation","display_name":"Electrochemical Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Direct Regeneration, Electrochemical Leaching, and Selective Separation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225615895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c10800"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c10800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c10800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c10800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161350495","display_name":"Wei Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161307129","display_name":"Wanxuan Ru","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanxuan Ru","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101272717","display_name":"Hongjie Guo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113316799","display_name":"Jiazhou He","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiazhou He","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161055392","display_name":"Yang Shuai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161324528","display_name":"Qun Yang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024551414","display_name":"Chuanjian Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-3689","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4142-3689"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanjian Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078564885","display_name":"Yangmin Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4408-6083","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4408-6083"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangmin Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103130385","display_name":"Changyong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-627X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-627X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Changyong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9288-627X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103130385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11091","display_name":"Extraction and Separation Processes","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2506","display_name":"Metals and Alloys"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lithium-ion-battery-recycling","display_name":"lithium-ion battery recycling","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spent-battery-cathodes","display_name":"spent battery cathodes","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-regeneration","display_name":"electrochemical regeneration","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrochemical-leaching","display_name":"electrochemical leaching","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selective-separation","display_name":"selective separation","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relithiation","display_name":"relithiation","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defect-removal","display_name":"defect repair","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-rejuvenation","display_name":"cellular rejuvenation","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrodialysis","display_name":"electrodialysis","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrosorption","display_name":"electrosorption","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrodeposition","display_name":"electrodeposition","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-mass","display_name":"black mass","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cathode-degradation","display_name":"cathode degradation","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/faradaic-efficiency","display_name":"Faradaic efficiency","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ion-transport","display_name":"ion transport","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/techno-economic-analysis","display_name":"techno-economic analysis","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"life cycle assessment","score":0.9869999885559082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49110097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175233","display_name":"Cathode","level":2,"score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.6625999808311462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90982505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16938886","display_name":"Leaching (pedology)","level":3,"score":0.5306000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.507099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132543647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80097","display_name":"Electrochemical cell","level":4,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206139338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192355","display_name":"Raw material","level":2,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130349721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5434705","display_name":"Faraday efficiency","level":4,"score":0.43689998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777569206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315837","display_name":"Resource recovery","level":3,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519536355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21021151","display_name":"Repurposing","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154238967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12870","display_name":"Explosive material","level":2,"score":0.313400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3131999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993969710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Electrochemical energy storage","level":5,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40875361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356542","display_name":"Reagent","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920419","display_name":"Upgrade","level":2,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55904794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82682","display_name":"Redox","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acs.est.6c10800","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c10800","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c10800","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13479253","display_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","issn_l":"0013-936X","issn":["0013-936X","1520-5851"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-4","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"},{"score":0.5690000057220459,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325599","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336578","display_name":"Anhui Provincial Key Research and Development Plan","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2019386505","https://openalex.org/W2100061873","https://openalex.org/W2220430415","https://openalex.org/W2608820167","https://openalex.org/W2735867087","https://openalex.org/W2766006206","https://openalex.org/W2767205709","https://openalex.org/W2807340611","https://openalex.org/W2883694583","https://openalex.org/W2897304347","https://openalex.org/W2898088286","https://openalex.org/W2912089018","https://openalex.org/W2945754946","https://openalex.org/W2972286809","https://openalex.org/W2981164368","https://openalex.org/W2983762108","https://openalex.org/W3003658253","https://openalex.org/W3011324788","https://openalex.org/W3014842367","https://openalex.org/W3045706331","https://openalex.org/W3092976103","https://openalex.org/W3131431369","https://openalex.org/W3139472465","https://openalex.org/W3165421145","https://openalex.org/W3168843824","https://openalex.org/W3189089394","https://openalex.org/W3205879940","https://openalex.org/W3206660493","https://openalex.org/W3211631790","https://openalex.org/W4200009929","https://openalex.org/W4205178534","https://openalex.org/W4211096336","https://openalex.org/W4213223137","https://openalex.org/W4221102386","https://openalex.org/W4293734072","https://openalex.org/W4297996513","https://openalex.org/W4298130177","https://openalex.org/W4308275260","https://openalex.org/W4313278762","https://openalex.org/W4323352173","https://openalex.org/W4353111216","https://openalex.org/W4366126894","https://openalex.org/W4379514903","https://openalex.org/W4381330041","https://openalex.org/W4382279899","https://openalex.org/W4385485983","https://openalex.org/W4386491953","https://openalex.org/W4386620877","https://openalex.org/W4386886535","https://openalex.org/W4387007351","https://openalex.org/W4388671550","https://openalex.org/W4388871761","https://openalex.org/W4389110800","https://openalex.org/W4389257586","https://openalex.org/W4389432764","https://openalex.org/W4390198123","https://openalex.org/W4391255512","https://openalex.org/W4391263032","https://openalex.org/W4391616577","https://openalex.org/W4392867839","https://openalex.org/W4393233219","https://openalex.org/W4394734234","https://openalex.org/W4396835647","https://openalex.org/W4396895123","https://openalex.org/W4397008434","https://openalex.org/W4398135719","https://openalex.org/W4399019266","https://openalex.org/W4400242273","https://openalex.org/W4400926141","https://openalex.org/W4401285324","https://openalex.org/W4401668196","https://openalex.org/W4401965521","https://openalex.org/W4401972888","https://openalex.org/W4402537653","https://openalex.org/W4403039819","https://openalex.org/W4403317071","https://openalex.org/W4403370833","https://openalex.org/W4403519692","https://openalex.org/W4403534034","https://openalex.org/W4403615536","https://openalex.org/W4403955115","https://openalex.org/W4404517467","https://openalex.org/W4404712464","https://openalex.org/W4404737047","https://openalex.org/W4405005719","https://openalex.org/W4406168880","https://openalex.org/W4406557637","https://openalex.org/W4407003127","https://openalex.org/W4407204429","https://openalex.org/W4407392305","https://openalex.org/W4407979031","https://openalex.org/W4408323257","https://openalex.org/W4409217097","https://openalex.org/W4409540240","https://openalex.org/W4411003293","https://openalex.org/W4411974340","https://openalex.org/W4412561992","https://openalex.org/W4412809069","https://openalex.org/W4413189869","https://openalex.org/W4413407617","https://openalex.org/W4413682927","https://openalex.org/W4413875592","https://openalex.org/W4414265635","https://openalex.org/W4414805351","https://openalex.org/W4417402426","https://openalex.org/W4417527424","https://openalex.org/W7080891828","https://openalex.org/W7128501471","https://openalex.org/W7130818272","https://openalex.org/W7131361188","https://openalex.org/W7134115790","https://openalex.org/W7147107154","https://openalex.org/W7154681514","https://openalex.org/W7155064901","https://openalex.org/W7157318184","https://openalex.org/W7160712845","https://openalex.org/W7161008286","https://openalex.org/W7167822618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164741634","https://openalex.org/W7154055479","https://openalex.org/W7213553051","https://openalex.org/W7204467610","https://openalex.org/W4313420184","https://openalex.org/W4409177263","https://openalex.org/W4407397120","https://openalex.org/W4401972888","https://openalex.org/W4408414296","https://openalex.org/W4416886144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Growing":[1],"volumes":[2],"of":[3],"spent":[4],"lithium-ion":[5],"batteries":[6],"challenge":[7],"waste":[8],"management":[9],"and":[10,21,35,44,55,63,69,104,114,131,135,140,159,162],"resource":[11],"security.":[12],"Conventional":[13],"recycling":[14,170],"recovers":[15],"metals":[16],"but":[17],"often":[18],"consumes":[19],"energy":[20,134],"chemicals":[22],"while":[23,92],"sacrificing":[24],"cathode":[25,31,59,179],"structural":[26],"value.":[27,180],"Electrochemical":[28,82,165],"methods":[29],"enable":[30],"repair,":[32,68],"controlled":[33],"dissolution,":[34],"selective":[36,111],"recovery,":[37],"yet":[38],"their":[39],"suitability":[40],"for":[41,108],"diverse":[42],"feeds":[43],"product":[45,64,115],"requirements":[46],"remains":[47],"unclear.":[48],"This":[49],"Critical":[50],"Review":[51],"develops":[52],"a":[53],"material-state-":[54],"product-oriented":[56],"framework":[57],"linking":[58],"degradation,":[60],"electrochemical":[61],"transformations,":[62],"specifications.":[65],"Relithiation,":[66],"defect":[67],"cell-level":[70],"rejuvenation":[71],"are":[72,106],"evaluated":[73],"as":[74,99],"regeneration":[75],"strategies,":[76],"with":[77],"functional":[78],"repurposing":[79],"considered":[80],"separately.":[81],"leaching":[83],"is":[84,97],"classified":[85],"by":[86],"direct":[87],"or":[88,94,177],"indirect":[89],"redox":[90],"transfer,":[91],"paired":[93],"coupled":[95],"operation":[96],"treated":[98],"reactor-level":[100],"integration.":[101],"Electrodialysis,":[102],"electrosorption,":[103],"electrodeposition":[105],"assessed":[107],"ion":[109],"redistribution,":[110],"capture,":[112],"concentration,":[113],"formation.":[116],"Because":[117],"extraction":[118],"efficiency":[119],"alone":[120],"cannot":[121],"establish":[122],"successful":[123],"recycling,":[124],"we":[125],"emphasize":[126],"feedstock":[127],"tolerance,":[128],"selectivity,":[129],"Faradaic":[130],"ion-transport":[132],"efficiencies,":[133],"reagent":[136],"consumption,":[137],"component":[138],"durability,":[139],"qualified-product":[141],"yield":[142],"within":[143],"defined":[144],"system":[145],"boundaries.":[146],"Future":[147],"priorities":[148],"include":[149],"diagnosis-guided":[150],"routing,":[151],"realistic":[152],"black-mass":[153],"validation,":[154],"standardized":[155],"reporting,":[156],"scalable":[157],"reactors,":[158],"integrated":[160],"techno-economic":[161],"life-cycle":[163],"assessment.":[164],"technologies":[166],"can":[167],"complement":[168],"established":[169],"through":[171],"feedstock-adaptive":[172],"pathways":[173],"that":[174],"retain,":[175],"recover,":[176],"upgrade":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}