{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225615322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","title":"Capillary confinement selects the monolayer-to-multilayer transition in bacterial swarms: a theoretical model","display_name":"Capillary confinement selects the monolayer-to-multilayer transition in bacterial swarms: a theoretical model","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225615322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11334337/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11334337/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073537850","display_name":"Irakli Gudavadze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0918","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0918"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Irakli Gudavadze","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073537850"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11486","display_name":"Micro and Nano Robotics","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10593","display_name":"Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing","score":0.05739999935030937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12141","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Thin Films","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacterial-swarms","display_name":"bacterial swarms","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capillary-confinement","display_name":"capillary confinement","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-air-interface","display_name":"liquid-air interface","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meniscus","display_name":"meniscus","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capillary-forces","display_name":"capillary forces","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-stress","display_name":"active stress","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-packing","display_name":"cell packing","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-tension","display_name":"surface tension","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacillus","display_name":"Bacillus","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-matter","display_name":"active matter","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"jamming","score":0.46799999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196806460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188603","display_name":"Capillary action","level":2,"score":0.7687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7070889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902488","display_name":"Monolayer","level":2,"score":0.7203999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.4984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8892853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170749","display_name":"Surface tension","level":2,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.44350001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189178095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15834833","display_name":"Meniscus","level":3,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60056205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914","display_name":"Opacity","level":2,"score":0.3968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778958987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139143","display_name":"Extrusion","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134514944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817136","display_name":"Wetting","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63219958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1960173","display_name":"Marangoni effect","level":3,"score":0.3384999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777289219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632154","display_name":"Substrate (aquarium)","level":2,"score":0.3361000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988430800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Scaling law","level":3,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182310444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332643","display_name":"Boundary value problem","level":2,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186068551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13255585","display_name":"Tension (geology)","level":3,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207016750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1955627","display_name":"Pattern formation","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74859849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2466686","display_name":"Non-equilibrium thermodynamics","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105569014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271208","display_name":"Porous medium","level":3,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171889981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454008","display_name":"Free surface","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779015724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7623560","display_name":"Striation","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28413391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785542","display_name":"Capillary number","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72939318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7646023","display_name":"Surface stress","level":3,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11334337/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-11334337/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-11334337/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225615322.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225615322.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978436399","https://openalex.org/W2014512833","https://openalex.org/W2028299611","https://openalex.org/W2058734202","https://openalex.org/W2109553727","https://openalex.org/W2114550836","https://openalex.org/W2127299218","https://openalex.org/W2586125036","https://openalex.org/W2782738274","https://openalex.org/W2901449089","https://openalex.org/W3138423363","https://openalex.org/W4200125243","https://openalex.org/W4412692302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7225312929","https://openalex.org/W7133148842","https://openalex.org/W6945345557","https://openalex.org/W7067795413","https://openalex.org/W4200125243","https://openalex.org/W3010961664","https://openalex.org/W4404235271","https://openalex.org/W2942510023","https://openalex.org/W6964892977","https://openalex.org/W6885136328"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Swarming":[1],"bacterial":[2,44,234],"populations":[3],"commonly":[4],"occupy":[5],"partially":[6,82],"hydrated":[7],"surfaces":[8],"fed":[9],"from":[10,42,86],"beneath":[11],"agar,":[12],"and":[13,53,80,91,114,134,189,205,245],"many":[14],"systems":[15],"exhibit":[16],"a":[17,43,59,69,89,93,107,159,220,229],"spatial":[18,109],"architecture":[19],"in":[20,63,232],"which":[21,64],"the":[22,34,65,99,123,130,156,165,176,184,187,246,253],"advancing":[23],"edge":[24,180],"remains":[25],"approximately":[26,161],"one":[27],"cell":[28,75,115,243],"thick":[29],"while":[30],"regions":[31],"farther":[32],"behind":[33,164],"front":[35],"become":[36],"multilayered.":[37],"Existing":[38],"explanations":[39],"for":[40,111],"escape":[41],"monolayer":[45,139,177],"emphasize":[46],"growth-generated":[47],"compression,":[48],"local":[49],"jamming,":[50],"motility-induced":[51],"clustering,":[52],"cell-substrate":[54],"mechanics.":[55],"Here":[56],"we":[57],"develop":[58],"complementary":[60],"theoretical":[61],"mechanism":[62,223],"liquid-air":[66],"interface":[67],"supplies":[68],"spatially":[70],"varying":[71],"vertical":[72],"confinement.":[73],"A":[74],"that":[76,171,224],"sits":[77],"on":[78],"agar":[79],"is":[81,140],"wetted":[83],"by":[84],"water":[85],"below":[87],"creates":[88],"meniscus":[90],"experiences":[92],"normal":[94],"capillary":[95,100,135,202],"force.":[96],"We":[97],"combine":[98],"scaling":[101],"F":[102],"cap":[103],"~":[104],"\u03b3d":[105],"with":[106],"minimal":[108],"model":[110,157,211],"interfacial":[112,181],"exposure":[113,182,203],"packing":[116],"to":[117,129,142,228],"define":[118],"an":[119,151],"extrusion":[120],"number":[121],"E,":[122],"ratio":[124],"of":[125,132,238,252],"active":[126,191,233],"compressive":[127],"stress":[128,192],"sum":[131],"substrate":[133],"restoring":[136],"stresses.":[137],"The":[138,210],"predicted":[141],"lose":[143],"stability":[144],"where":[145],"E":[146],"first":[147],"reaches":[148],"unity.":[149],"For":[150],"illustrative":[152],"Bacillus-scale":[153],"parameter":[154,208],"set,":[155],"predicts":[158],"transition":[160,185,231],"70":[162],"\u00b5m":[163],"leading":[166],"edge.":[167],"Parameter":[168],"sweeps":[169],"show":[170],"increasing":[172,190],"surface":[173,241],"tension":[174],"widens":[175],"region,":[178],"reducing":[179],"shifts":[183],"toward":[186],"edge,":[188],"likewise":[193],"promotes":[194],"earlier":[195],"multilayering.":[196],"These":[197],"trends":[198],"persist":[199],"over":[200],"alternative":[201],"laws":[204],"under":[206],"broad":[207],"uncertainty.":[209],"does":[212],"not":[213],"claim":[214],"experimental":[215],"validation;":[216],"rather,":[217],"it":[218],"identifies":[219],"quantitative,":[221],"falsifiable":[222],"connects":[225],"thin-film":[226],"capillarity":[227],"dimensional":[230],"matter.":[235],"Direct":[236],"measurements":[237],"film":[239],"thickness,":[240],"tension,":[242],"density,":[244],"multilayer":[247],"boundary":[248],"provide":[249],"clear":[250],"tests":[251],"theory.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}