{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225615182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","title":"Interpretability of Transformer Structures Based on Attribution Inference for Polarimetric SAR Image Classification","display_name":"Interpretability of Transformer Structures Based on Attribution Inference for Polarimetric SAR Image Classification","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225615182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5161337074","display_name":"Lijia Dong","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijia Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033213528","display_name":"Jie Geng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4858-823X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4858-823X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Geng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4858-823X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101632948","display_name":"Yuhang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5017-9690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5017-9690"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039236373","display_name":"Yuhan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-9743","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0001-9743","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2717-252X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2717-252X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079","https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041289658","display_name":"Wen Rong Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-2748","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-2748"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5429-2748","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033213528"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"apc_paid":{"value":2700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3258},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"21","first_page":"3840","last_page":"3840"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.38600000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.38600000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.361299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10801","display_name":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Applications and Techniques","score":0.15880000591278076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarimetric-sar","display_name":"polarimetric SAR","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polsar-image-classification","display_name":"PolSAR image classification","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"transformer models","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"interpretability","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-mechanism","display_name":"attention mechanism","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-deep-learning","display_name":"explainable deep learning","score":0.6859999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7240999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7013999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6782000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5784000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43860000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28493345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899381","display_name":"Polarimetry","level":3,"score":0.3828999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3783000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rs18213840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18213840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S43295729","display_name":"Remote Sensing","issn_l":"2072-4292","issn":["2072-4292"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399341673","https://openalex.org/W4391547680","https://openalex.org/W4206522033","https://openalex.org/W4402263278","https://openalex.org/W4317796315","https://openalex.org/W7123336524","https://openalex.org/W7164860884","https://openalex.org/W4415221989","https://openalex.org/W4416798012","https://openalex.org/W4399450188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Transformer-based":[0,25,68],"deep":[1],"networks":[2],"have":[3],"gained":[4],"prominence":[5],"in":[6,38],"Polarimetric":[7],"Synthetic":[8],"Aperture":[9],"Radar":[10],"(PolSAR)":[11],"image":[12,70,179],"classification":[13,39,108,180],"due":[14],"to":[15,28,43],"their":[16,35,97],"strong":[17],"capability":[18],"for":[19,67],"modeling":[20],"long-range":[21],"dependencies.":[22],"However,":[23],"existing":[24],"methods":[26],"fail":[27],"reveal":[29],"the":[30,50,100,104,117,123,162,167,185,188],"polarimetric":[31,93],"scattering":[32,94],"characteristics":[33],"and":[34,46,96,148,171],"spatial":[36],"interactions":[37,98],"decisions,":[40],"which":[41,182],"leads":[42],"limited":[44],"interpretability":[45,60,105,190],"reduced":[47],"reliability":[48],"of":[49,92,106,116,144,187],"models.":[51],"To":[52,102,165],"address":[53],"this":[54,56],"challenge,":[55],"paper":[57],"proposes":[58],"an":[59,73],"analysis":[61,115],"framework":[62],"based":[63,121],"on":[64,122,130,161,176],"attribution":[65,74,124],"inference":[66,75,125],"PolSAR":[69,107,178],"classification.":[71],"Specifically,":[72],"module":[76],"is":[77],"first":[78],"constructed":[79],"by":[80],"integrating":[81],"structural":[82],"dependency":[83],"relationships":[84],"with":[85],"gradient-based":[86],"saliency":[87],"information,":[88],"enabling":[89],"explicit":[90],"simulation":[91],"features":[95],"within":[99],"model.":[101],"enhance":[103],"models,":[109],"we":[110],"further":[111],"conduct":[112],"a":[113,134,158],"full-chain":[114],"Transformer\u2019s":[118],"internal":[119],"structure":[120],"matrix,":[126],"rather":[127],"than":[128],"relying":[129],"qualitative":[131,172],"visualization":[132],"from":[133],"single":[135],"attention":[136,146],"map.":[137],"This":[138],"integrated":[139],"approach":[140],"enables":[141],"precise":[142],"localization":[143],"critical":[145],"heads":[147],"information":[149],"flows,":[150],"while":[151],"simultaneously":[152],"identifying":[153],"discriminative":[154],"regions":[155],"that":[156],"exert":[157],"decisive":[159],"influence":[160],"prediction":[163],"results.":[164],"validate":[166],"proposed":[168,189],"method,":[169],"quantitative":[170],"experiments":[173],"are":[174],"performed":[175],"three":[177],"datasets,":[181],"clearly":[183],"demonstrate":[184],"effectiveness":[186],"framework.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}