{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225614204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","title":"Charge-Induced Formation and Field-Driven Directional Motion of Vacancies in a Two-Dimensional Halide","display_name":"Charge-Induced Formation and Field-Driven Directional Motion of Vacancies in a Two-Dimensional Halide","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225614204","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","pdf_url":"https://pubs.acs.org/ancac3/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067/69127166/acsnano.6c11067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145476921","display_name":"ACS Nano","issn_l":"1936-0851","issn":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Nano","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://pubs.acs.org/ancac3/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067/69127166/acsnano.6c11067.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021759957","display_name":"Lucia Vitali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-798X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-798X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110594554","display_name":"Ikerbasque","ror":"https://ror.org/01cc3fy72","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169108374","display_name":"University of the Basque Country","ror":"https://ror.org/000xsnr85","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131160","display_name":"Material Physics Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpa6m94","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I169108374","https://openalex.org/I4210131160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47686490","display_name":"Donostia International Physics Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02e24yw40","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47686490"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucia Vitali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Fi\u0301sica de Materiales CFM/MPC (UPV/EHU) , Paseo M. Lardizabal 5 , ,","Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo M. Lardizabal 4 , ,","Ikerbasque Research Foundation for Science , Plaza Euskadi, 5 , ,","University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , , Paseo M. Lardizabal 3 , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-798X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Fi\u0301sica de Materiales CFM/MPC (UPV/EHU) , Paseo M. Lardizabal 5 , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374","https://openalex.org/I4210131160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) , Paseo M. Lardizabal 4 , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47686490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ikerbasque Research Foundation for Science , Plaza Euskadi, 5 , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110594554"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , , Paseo M. Lardizabal 3 , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169108374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048331395","display_name":"Duy Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-8757","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-8757"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duy Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida , , 4000 Central Florida Blvd , , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6391-8757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida , , 4000 Central Florida Blvd , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020848176","display_name":"Talat Shahnaz Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-7776","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-7776"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Talat S. Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida , , 4000 Central Florida Blvd , , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida , , 4000 Central Florida Blvd , , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021759957"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110594554","https://openalex.org/I169108374","https://openalex.org/I4210131160","https://openalex.org/I47686490"],"apc_list":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"apc_paid":{"value":4500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10275","display_name":"2D Materials and Applications","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10275","display_name":"2D Materials and Applications","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10083","display_name":"Graphene research and applications","score":0.040800001472234726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13531","display_name":"Surface and Thin Film Phenomena","score":0.012199999764561653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3104","display_name":"Condensed Matter Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/halogen-vacancies","display_name":"halogen vacancies","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacancy-migration","display_name":"vacancy migration","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-injection","display_name":"charge injection","score":0.5450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defect-coalescence","display_name":"defect coalescence","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-density-of-states","display_name":"local density of states","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-electrostatic-potential","display_name":"local electrostatic potential","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyrolytic-graphite-substrate","display_name":"pyrolytic graphite substrate","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ionic-materials","display_name":"ionic materials","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defect-engineering","display_name":"defect engineering","score":0.42899999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114221277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899743","display_name":"Vacancy defect","level":2,"score":0.8108000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6995000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.6704999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6518042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175646","display_name":"Scanning tunneling microscope","level":2,"score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152365726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048589","display_name":"Density functional theory","level":2,"score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7070889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902488","display_name":"Monolayer","level":2,"score":0.5715000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120398109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175751","display_name":"Quantum tunnelling","level":2,"score":0.5636000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.5332000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778461158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23906103","display_name":"Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite","level":3,"score":0.5317999720573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2182769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500","display_name":"Ionic bonding","level":3,"score":0.5286999940872192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6775980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4363445","display_name":"Pyrolytic carbon","level":3,"score":0.5077999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.4505000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9342510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25406","display_name":"Coulomb","level":3,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41999313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489328","display_name":"Molecular physics","level":1,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104232198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865807","display_name":"Charge carrier","level":2,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9249130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898241","display_name":"Local-density approximation","level":3,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46062151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19605","display_name":"Halogen","level":3,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73792","display_name":"Charge (physics)","level":2,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150708132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744771","display_name":"Charge density","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59593255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901663","display_name":"Molecular dynamics","level":2,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779698641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5309","display_name":"Graphite","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86025842","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5358432","display_name":"Electronic structure","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171560689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193086","display_name":"Halide","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164675345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898226","display_name":"Crystallographic defect","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230895","display_name":"Local density of states","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206008964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159384","display_name":"Conductive atomic force microscopy","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40937832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111","display_name":"Electric charge","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101879516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101","display_name":"Elementary charge","level":3,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83898325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324110","display_name":"Kelvin probe force microscope","level":3,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194577767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651687","display_name":"Scanning tunneling spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58312451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817200","display_name":"Atom (system on chip)","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","pdf_url":"https://pubs.acs.org/ancac3/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067/69127166/acsnano.6c11067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145476921","display_name":"ACS Nano","issn_l":"1936-0851","issn":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Nano","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067","pdf_url":"https://pubs.acs.org/ancac3/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acsnano.6c11067/69127166/acsnano.6c11067.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145476921","display_name":"ACS Nano","issn_l":"1936-0851","issn":["1936-0851","1936-086X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320006","host_organization_name":"American Chemical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320006"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Chemical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACS Nano","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317220","display_name":"National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05v3mvq14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321705","display_name":"Eusko Jaurlaritza","ror":"https://ror.org/00pz2fp31"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225614204.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7225614204.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1850781645","https://openalex.org/W1964763238","https://openalex.org/W1970127494","https://openalex.org/W1979544533","https://openalex.org/W1981368803","https://openalex.org/W1987832809","https://openalex.org/W2004149147","https://openalex.org/W2006718703","https://openalex.org/W2007395042","https://openalex.org/W2013025219","https://openalex.org/W2042968665","https://openalex.org/W2061507270","https://openalex.org/W2066151171","https://openalex.org/W2072312985","https://openalex.org/W2075991492","https://openalex.org/W2080345684","https://openalex.org/W2087981191","https://openalex.org/W2091587521","https://openalex.org/W2092157292","https://openalex.org/W2151800339","https://openalex.org/W2317258789","https://openalex.org/W2318274398","https://openalex.org/W2802725407","https://openalex.org/W2802830059","https://openalex.org/W2883703898","https://openalex.org/W2969572677","https://openalex.org/W2969694507","https://openalex.org/W3004872070","https://openalex.org/W3035543194","https://openalex.org/W3112806262","https://openalex.org/W3196388668","https://openalex.org/W3214807145","https://openalex.org/W4284968127","https://openalex.org/W4306895284","https://openalex.org/W4309741573","https://openalex.org/W4313488910","https://openalex.org/W4384559644","https://openalex.org/W4385274483","https://openalex.org/W4385902948","https://openalex.org/W4391872567","https://openalex.org/W4394942048","https://openalex.org/W4398767288","https://openalex.org/W4400410530","https://openalex.org/W4407766566","https://openalex.org/W7131800569"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4393899263","https://openalex.org/W4304607225","https://openalex.org/W2782391610","https://openalex.org/W2337738060","https://openalex.org/W4386161547","https://openalex.org/W2532658461","https://openalex.org/W3120564419","https://openalex.org/W4221048510","https://openalex.org/W3003749815","https://openalex.org/W4401698585"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Controlling":[1],"defect":[2,17,76,114],"evolution":[3],"in":[4,39,130],"two-dimensional":[5],"(2D)":[6],"materials":[7],"is":[8],"essential":[9],"for":[10],"reliable":[11],"nanoelectronic":[12],"functionalities,":[13],"yet":[14],"selectively":[15],"inducing":[16],"formation":[18,36],"and":[19,37,70,81,95,128,148],"externally":[20,149],"driven":[21,150],"migration":[22,38,94],"remains":[23],"a":[24,40,131,140],"key":[25],"challenge.":[26],"Here,":[27],"we":[28],"demonstrate":[29,118],"two":[30],"distinct":[31,85],"mechanisms":[32],"governing":[33],"halogen":[34,62],"vacancy":[35,93,105,126],"PbBr2":[41],"monolayer":[42],"on":[43],"highly":[44],"ordered":[45],"pyrolytic":[46],"graphite":[47],"using":[48],"low-temperature":[49],"scanning":[50],"tunneling":[51,102],"microscopy":[52],"combined":[53],"with":[54,107],"density":[55,67],"functional":[56],"theory":[57],"calculations.":[58],"We":[59],"show":[60],"that":[61,119],"vacancies":[63],"reshape":[64],"the":[65,74,101],"local":[66,146],"of":[68],"states":[69],"electrostatic":[71],"potential":[72],"beyond":[73],"immediate":[75],"site.":[77],"Crucially,":[78],"electric":[79,89],"fields":[80,90],"charge":[82,98],"injection":[83,99],"mediate":[84],"atomic-scale":[86],"responses:":[87],"tip-induced":[88],"drive":[91,124],"directional":[92],"coalescence,":[96],"whereas":[97],"from":[100],"current":[103],"induces":[104],"formation,":[106],"enhanced":[108],"efficiency":[109],"when":[110],"coupling":[111],"to":[112,156],"shallow":[113],"states.":[115],"These":[116],"results":[117],"direct":[120],"electrical":[121],"stimuli":[122],"can":[123],"both":[125],"motion":[127],"creation":[129],"two-dimensional,":[132],"predominantly":[133],"ionic":[134],"material":[135],"system.":[136],"Our":[137],"findings":[138],"establish":[139],"framework":[141],"linking":[142],"defect-induced":[143],"electronic":[144],"structure,":[145],"electrostatics,":[147],"atomic":[151],"rearrangement":[152],"under":[153],"conditions":[154],"relevant":[155],"device":[157],"operation.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}