{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7225613707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","title":"Gas Emission from the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Mud Volcano: A First-Order Assessment of CH4 and CO2 Fluxes in a Tectonically Active Setting","display_name":"Gas Emission from the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Mud Volcano: A First-Order Assessment of CH4 and CO2 Fluxes in a Tectonically Active Setting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7225613707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/geosciences16110466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231481","display_name":"Geosciences","issn_l":"2076-3263","issn":["2076-3263"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081095353","display_name":"\u0421\u044b\u0440\u0431\u0443 \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1441-6133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1441-6133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147092","display_name":"V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05qc18f66","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210147092","https://openalex.org/I4210148470","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nadezhda Syrbu","raw_affiliation_strings":["V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1441-6133","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001473778","display_name":"A. O. Kholmogorov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6259-1614","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6259-1614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147092","display_name":"V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05qc18f66","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210147092","https://openalex.org/I4210148470","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrei Kholmogorov","raw_affiliation_strings":["V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6259-1614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055543692","display_name":"Igor Stepochkin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-7754","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-7754"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147092","display_name":"V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05qc18f66","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210147092","https://openalex.org/I4210148470","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Igor Stepochkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-7754","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028138936","display_name":"A. A. Legkodimov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-8222","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1768-8222"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147092","display_name":"V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05qc18f66","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210147092","https://openalex.org/I4210148470","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksey Legkodimov","raw_affiliation_strings":["V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030823449","display_name":"Anatoly N. Salyuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6018-9253","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6018-9253"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147092","display_name":"V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05qc18f66","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210147092","https://openalex.org/I4210148470","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anatoly Salyuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6018-9253","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130684917","display_name":"Anastasia Voitovskaya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147092","display_name":"V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05qc18f66","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210147092","https://openalex.org/I4210148470","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastasia Voitovskaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113017107","display_name":"E.V. Maltseva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147092","display_name":"V.I. Il'ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05qc18f66","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210147092","https://openalex.org/I4210148470","https://openalex.org/I4210163714"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Maltseva","raw_affiliation_strings":["V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"V.I. Il\u2019ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081095353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147092"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"466","last_page":"466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11588","display_name":"Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics","score":0.9121000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10995","display_name":"Methane Hydrates and Related Phenomena","score":0.043699998408555984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10399","display_name":"Hydrocarbon exploration and reservoir analysis","score":0.035100001841783524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mud-volcanoes","display_name":"mud volcanoes","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methane-flux","display_name":"methane flux","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co2-flux","display_name":"CO2 flux","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaseous-emissions","display_name":"gas emissions","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/helium-isotopes","display_name":"helium isotopes","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mantle-helium","display_name":"mantle helium","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sakhalin","display_name":"Sakhalin","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continent-ocean-transition-zone","display_name":"continent-ocean transition zone","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-budget","display_name":"carbon balance","score":0.8130000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516920438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37129","display_name":"Methane","level":2,"score":0.7544999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120806208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8072","display_name":"Volcano","level":2,"score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.650600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68709404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134475","display_name":"Flux (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.618399977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57016615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2750292","display_name":"Radiogenic nuclide","level":3,"score":0.5837000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90137607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193457","display_name":"Mud volcano","level":2,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59427239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40858","display_name":"Natural gas","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67236022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4364434","display_name":"Mantle (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4690999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180756352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105880","display_name":"Fumarole","level":3,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185059815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471790","display_name":"Isotopes of carbon","level":3,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546029482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q560","display_name":"Helium","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156398188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3278929","display_name":"\u03b413C","level":3,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6508345","display_name":"Lead (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3407999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6939412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon cycle","level":3,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43648","display_name":"Hydrocarbon","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6363049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505748","display_name":"Volcanism","level":3,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22117777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148629","display_name":"Stable isotope ratio","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113740612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1845437","display_name":"Natural gas field","level":3,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163686574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638707","display_name":"Transition zone","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146458902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905807","display_name":"Isotopic signature","level":3,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780298149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4736379","display_name":"Dry gas","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113754120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40157","display_name":"Lava","level":3,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/geosciences16110466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231481","display_name":"Geosciences","issn_l":"2076-3263","issn":["2076-3263"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/geosciences16110466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16110466","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231481","display_name":"Geosciences","issn_l":"2076-3263","issn":["2076-3263"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Geosciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.9786999821662903}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W33396104","https://openalex.org/W160964555","https://openalex.org/W1600893777","https://openalex.org/W1872418729","https://openalex.org/W1972501262","https://openalex.org/W1973265365","https://openalex.org/W1973550100","https://openalex.org/W1980914669","https://openalex.org/W1983257548","https://openalex.org/W1990866661","https://openalex.org/W1991816052","https://openalex.org/W1992812814","https://openalex.org/W1995518683","https://openalex.org/W2024920627","https://openalex.org/W2028478315","https://openalex.org/W2036148312","https://openalex.org/W2044221233","https://openalex.org/W2046021682","https://openalex.org/W2079638456","https://openalex.org/W2086432344","https://openalex.org/W2105186729","https://openalex.org/W2141947981","https://openalex.org/W2151529013","https://openalex.org/W2155631829","https://openalex.org/W2163255711","https://openalex.org/W2338461021","https://openalex.org/W2469920484","https://openalex.org/W2482259611","https://openalex.org/W2588588413","https://openalex.org/W2592080597","https://openalex.org/W2605330165","https://openalex.org/W2744094367","https://openalex.org/W2927156126","https://openalex.org/W2941807229","https://openalex.org/W3020742631","https://openalex.org/W3213193883","https://openalex.org/W4210436265","https://openalex.org/W4294946111","https://openalex.org/W4308494839","https://openalex.org/W4327875076","https://openalex.org/W4379184436","https://openalex.org/W4381515054","https://openalex.org/W4392126452","https://openalex.org/W4400777724","https://openalex.org/W4405825580","https://openalex.org/W4407902582","https://openalex.org/W4412619710","https://openalex.org/W4412637241","https://openalex.org/W4412689034"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412637241","https://openalex.org/W2033610758","https://openalex.org/W2293910887","https://openalex.org/W2105186729","https://openalex.org/W2315508730","https://openalex.org/W4416747623","https://openalex.org/W2941807229","https://openalex.org/W1973265365","https://openalex.org/W2079638456","https://openalex.org/W2066126536"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mud":[0],"volcanoes":[1],"are":[2,38,126],"geological":[3],"structures":[4],"that":[5,241],"transport":[6],"deep-sourced":[7],"fluids":[8],"and":[9,13,22,41,56,94,100,107,147],"gases,":[10],"primarily":[11],"methane":[12,54],"carbon":[14,57,248],"dioxide,":[15],"to":[16,74,255],"the":[17,34,62,75,116,127,134,137,209,217,227,252],"surface":[18],"through":[19],"fracture":[20],"networks":[21],"fault":[23,78],"systems.":[24],"However,":[25],"in":[26,84,246],"certain":[27],"settings,":[28],"particularly":[29,250],"within":[30],"continent\u2013ocean":[31],"transition":[32],"zones,":[33],"existing":[35],"flux":[36,131,140,149],"estimates":[37],"still":[39],"uncertain":[40],"require":[42],"regional":[43],"clarification.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46,125],"presents":[47],"a":[48,165,194,220,237],"first":[49,128],"quantitative,":[50,129],"first-order":[51,130],"assessment":[52],"of":[53,118,123,199,219],"(CH4)":[55],"dioxide":[58],"(CO2)":[59],"emissions":[60],"from":[61,103],"terrestrial":[63],"Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk":[64],"mud":[65,156],"volcano":[66],"(YSMV)":[67],"on":[68,81],"Sakhalin":[69,77],"Island,":[70],"Russia\u2014a":[71],"feature":[72],"confined":[73],"Central":[76],"zone.":[79],"Based":[80],"field":[82],"research":[83],"2023\u20132025,":[85],"we":[86],"measured":[87],"free":[88],"gas":[89,101],"composition":[90],"(CH4,":[91],"CO2,":[92],"He,":[93],"minor":[95],"hydrocarbon":[96],"components),":[97],"helium":[98,167],"isotopes,":[99],"fluxes":[102],"active":[104],"gryphons":[105],"(mud-":[106],"gas-emitting":[108],"vents),":[109],"combined":[110],"with":[111,164,208,216],"remote":[112],"sensing":[113,184],"data":[114],"for":[115,245],"period":[117],"2020\u20132025.":[119],"The":[120],"new":[121],"contributions":[122],"this":[124],"estimates.":[132],"During":[133],"dormant":[135],"state,":[136],"total":[138],"CH4":[139,229],"is":[141,159,213,231],"estimated":[142],"at":[143,150],"18.5":[144],"t":[145,152],"yr\u22121":[146],"CO2":[148,197,223,234],"184.1":[151],"yr\u22121.":[153],"Unlike":[154],"CH4-dominated":[155],"volcanoes,":[157],"YSMV":[158],"strongly":[160],"CO2-dominated":[161],"(60\u201380":[162],"vol.%),":[163],"mantle":[166],"contribution":[168],"averaging":[169],"23.7%,":[170],"confirming":[171],"deep":[172],"fluid":[173],"sources":[174],"rather":[175],"than":[176],"shallow":[177],"biogenic":[178],"or":[179],"crustal":[180],"radiogenic":[181],"origins.":[182],"Remote":[183],"observations":[185],"under":[186],"calm":[187],"wind":[188],"conditions":[189],"(\u22641.5":[190],"m":[191],"s\u22121)":[192],"reveal":[193],"persistent":[195,221],"local":[196,222,247],"anomaly":[198],"418":[200],"ppm":[201,203],"(8\u201312":[202],"above":[204],"background)":[205],"spatially":[206],"coinciding":[207],"volcano\u2019s":[210,253],"location,":[211],"which":[212],"qualitatively":[214],"consistent":[215],"presence":[218],"source.":[224],"While":[225],"globally":[226],"YSMV\u2019s":[228],"emission":[230],"modest,":[232],"its":[233],"output":[235],"represents":[236],"sustained":[238],"natural":[239],"source":[240],"should":[242],"be":[243],"accounted":[244],"budgets,":[249],"given":[251],"proximity":[254],"populated":[256],"areas.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-11-10T00:00:00"}
